The Evolution of Management Thought Essay Example For Students

The Evolution of Management Thought Essay The Evolution of Management Thought Khalil Said University of Phoenix The Evolution of Management Thought The evolution of management thoughts and theories in modern management thinking began in the nineteenth century and continued during the twentieth. The need to define management and the role of managers led to the foundation of management theories through experience of the pioneer thinkers. Classical management theory focused on dividing the labors and tasks execution. Classical era characterized by creating a stable profit that stability is the key success of an organization. Among the most influential thinkers that time were Frederick Taylor and his thoughts of scientific management, Henri Fayol and the administrative management, and the bureaucracy of Max Weber. These three thinkers called for the division of labor to improve management effectiveness in organizations. The principles of scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucracy were put forward as the best and only ways for organizations to be operated and administered efficiently to improve, succeed, and meet their profit goals. We will write a custom essay on The Evolution of Management Thought specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Henri Fayol belongs to administrative management; his long career working in a mining company led him to develop the five basic elements of management. These elements are â€Å"1) plan by examining the future and draw up plans of action,2) organize, build up the structure, 3) command by maintaining activity among the personnel, 4) co-ordinate, bind together, unify, and harmonize activity and effort, and 5) control, see that everything occurs in conformity with policy and practice† (Jarvis, 2005). Besides that, Fayol developed the 14 principles of management. According to Hartman (2007) although these principles were controversial in modern organizations, some of them are still in use in those organizations. Wren (2005) noted that these principles derived from Fayal’s experience whereas he was working at a mining company. Although these principles, according to Wren, are not absolute in all organization settings, they served as the foundation of management and as â€Å"lighthouses† to show the way to theory. Fayol’s principles were: 1. Division of labor: through specialization, employees maximized their productivity and produced better results with the ame effort they hitherto spent in executing the same tasks. 2. Authority: Manager’s responsibilities are to exercise power and give order to the right employees. Manager’s authorities based on his or her official authority and differentiated from their personal authorities. 3. Discipline: managers require applying disciplinary methods to keep respect betwe en an organization and its employees on the one hand, and a smooth functioning of all works on the other. 4. Unity of command: employees can receive orders from one only manager. Fayol is best known is differing with Taylor on the value of functional foremen. According to Reid (1995) â€Å"Fayol believed that no employee should receive orders from more than one source and that this authority must be represented at all times. † 5. Unity of direction: there is a clear plan in place for all organizational activities on which all decision-making centralized. 6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest: the interest of organizational goals comes first before the interest of any employee or group of employees. . Remuneration: an agreement between a firm and employees should provide a satisfactory pay rates to both parties. These rates depend on the quality of service and market conditions. 8. Centralization. The degree of centralization and decentralization depends on the dynamics of each organization. Wren (2005) noted that according to Fayol’s centralization and decentralization argument â€Å"everything which goes to increase the importance of the subordinate’s role is decentralization, everything which goes to reduce it is centralization (p. 17). † 9. Scalar chain. A chain of authority exists from the highest organizational authority to the lowest ranks. A direct and clear communication channel needed to increase the effectiveness of organizational communication. 10. Order. Selection of the right material and the right employee to execute certain tasks is important for continuing each organizational function and activity. 11. Equity. Justice and fairness to be in place dealing with employees. 12. Stability of tenure of personnel. A stable environment is important to maximize the productivity of managers and employees. 13. Initiative. Initiatives and plans in need to communicate in clear directions at all levels of the organizational hierarchy so that there should be no waste of time and valuable resources. 14. Esprit de Corps. â€Å"Create a functional teamwork with clear verbal communication is important for the success of an organization. † (Wren, 2005, p. 215) Administrative theory looks at the organization as a closed system. .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .postImageUrl , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:hover , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:visited , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:active { border:0!important; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:active , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bush EssayThe interaction with external environment and the absence of human elements or social factors characterized the formal and classical management era. â€Å"Classical administrative theory, like its near-contemporary the scientific management approach, rests on the premises that organizations are unproblematically rational and (effectively) closed systems† (Marshal1998). Walonck (n. d, cited in Reshef, 2000) emphasized that â€Å"classical management theory was rigid and mechanistic. The shortcomings of classical organization theory quickly became apparent. Its major deficiency was that it attempted to explain peoples motivation to work strictly as a function of economic reward. † Fayol agreed with Taylor’s ideal that if work methods and procedures are carefully examined and observed, more efficient ones could be created and adopted by the rest of the workforce. † Fayol and Weber offered plans for managing large organizations. Fayol (cited in Wren, 1994) stressed education for management rather than technical training, the importance of planning and organizing, and the ongoing phases of command, coordination, and control, (p. 30) The increase of organizational complexity, environmental uncertainty, and a competitive advantage locally and globally made the classical theories too weak to respond in a timely manner to all these factors. Peter Drucker the Moralist Drucker according to some sources is one of the greatest thinkers in modern management theory. According to Hartman (2007) he is â€Å"the father of management by objectives (MBO). † Drucker’s idea and management thoughts based on the relationship and the interaction between management and employees. According to this theory, management spends more time focusing on developing strategic policies and less time spending on supervisory and control issues. Handy (1996) explains that MBO â€Å"assumes that subordinates and superiors negotiate and that neither is power conscious. It also assumes that results are important and that some risks are worth taking – uncertainty- which are the individual’s responsibilities (p. 118) Drucker emphasized the importance of environment. As a modern thinker, he believed that organizational innovation required remaining at a competitive advantage and responding in a timely manner to the internal as well as the external environments. The increased complexity of multinational organizations created the necessity of a new structure that Drucker (1974) called Federal decentralization. In federal decentralization, a company is organized so that there are a number of independent units operating simultaneously. Each unit has its own management which, in effect, runs its own autonomous business. (p. 72) this structure has resulted in large conglomerates, which have diversified into many different fields to minimize risk. Drucker (cited in Cornelis, 2009) in the new realities states that: â€Å"management is what tradition used to call liberal art- liberal because it deals with the fundamentals of knowledge, self knowledge; wisdom, and leadership; art because it deals with practice and application. † According to Drucke r (Cited in Clark, 2004) â€Å"a theory of business has three parts: 1. There are assumptions about the environment of the organization: society and its structure, the market, the customer, and technology. . There are assumptions about specific mission of the organizations. 3. There are assumptions about the core competencies needed to accomplish the organization’s mission (pg. X1 ). † The advance in information technology and communication led Drucker to emphasize the importance of knowledge and knowledge workers. In his book the new realities he states that â€Å"knowledge is information that changes something or somebody—either by becoming grounds for actions, or by making an individual (or an institution) capable of different or more effective action. Thus, the productivity of knowledge and knowledge workers will not be the only competitive factor in the world economy, it is, however; likely to become the decisive factor, at least for most industries in the developed countries† (Clark, 2004, pg. X1, cited Drucer). In contrast with the rational system and top down management â€Å"do it on my way†, Drucker emphasized the importance of the human subject and employee involvement. In his book the new realities he noted that â€Å"the task of management is to make people capable of joint performance, to make their strength effective and the weaknesses irrelevant. This is organization is all about, and it is the reason that management is the critical, determining factor† (Cornelis, 2009). Drucker (1954, cited in Gazell, 2000) â€Å"management was a body of knowledge ultimately enabling people to control nature and their lives and to achieve economic improvement and social justice through the systematic organization of economic resources. He added that â€Å"management is work, and as such it has its own skills, its own tools, its own techniques for completing tasks. † In his view culture is based on shared beliefs and values, shared justification and rationalizations, and shared behavior. A leader is someone who has followers, popularity is not leadership, results are, leaders are highly visible, they set examples; leadership is not rank, privilege, titles or money, it is responsibility† (from the essential Drucker, cited in Cornelis, 2009) Fayol in his view of management focused on management and the role of managers and a dministrative procedure. According to Wren (2004) Fayol first noted that the effect of management on business activities was not fully understood and that technical expertise â€Å"can be completely destroyed by defective administrative procedures. Second, â€Å"a leader who is a good administrator but technically mediocre is generally much more useful to the enterprise than if he were a brilliant technician but a mediocre administrator. † Thus, according to Fayol, as cited in Wren (2004) â€Å"organizational success depended more on the managerial abilities of its leaders than on their technical abilities† (p. 12). According to Fayol, employees execute tasks and do what the managers want them to do. Employees involvement was absent from his thoughts and writing. .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .postImageUrl , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:hover , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:visited , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:active { border:0!important; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:active , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sir Isaac Newton Essay PapersStone and Patterson (2005) noted that â€Å"both theories relied on the machine metaphor with a heavy emphasis on mechanization of jobs, which undermined the human aspect of the organization and failed to recognize organizations as complex organisms. † In contrast, Drucker hoped to see the American factory as a self-governing community. Drucker (cited in Hoopes, 2003) noted that â€Å"managers could legitimately make strategic decisions from participation in the plant’s social organizations (p. 240). † Classical managers have the duty to lead in a directive manner because their leaders are also directive and classical top d own management style. According to Crawford, Brungardt, and Maughan (n. d), leaders organize, control, command, decide, and manipulate for results. The most effective leaders are those who can force structure on a disordered organization that had no form before. They added that â€Å"the capacity to organize cannot be underscored enough for the classical leader. Given the fact that the classicist desires stability to minimize change, formal structure is the ultimate way of codifying what is good in the organization, and what is bad is structured as far away as possible from leadership. † Conclusion Management theories and thoughts exist to solve problems and provide some guidelines to a profitability and survival of organizations. The dilemma between the classical view of management thoughts and the post-classical view is that classical theories dealt with top down management and decision-making regardless of any environmental effects and the human subject. Whereas the post classical theories see that bottom up decision making and its external environment affect overall organizational effectiveness as an organization becomes more complex and conducts its business in uncertain and unpredictable global market. References Clark, D. 2004). Knowledge. Retrieved Dec 12, 2009, from http://www. sos. net/~donclark/knowledge/knowledge. html Cornelis, A. (2009). Peter Drucker on management: Three themes. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009, from http://www. scribd. com/doc/21607554/Peter-Drucker-on-Management-3-themes Cohen, W. A. (2007). A class with Drucker: The lost lessons of the worlds greatest m anagement teacher. AMACOM. Crawford, Brungardt, Maughan (2007). Understanding leadership. Retrieved Dec 13, 2009, from union. okstate. edu/Leadership/Documents/HistoryofLeadership. ppt Gazell, J. A. (2000). Drucker on effective public management. Journal of Management History. Bradford, (6)1,  pg. 48 Handy, C. (1996). Gods of management: The changing work of organizations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Hartley, R. F. (2005). Business ethics: Mistakes and successes, first edition. John Wiley Sons. Hoops, j. (2003). False prophets and the gurus who created modern management and why their ideas are bad for business. Purse US Publishing Jarvis, C. (2005). Fayol (1841-1925) functions and principles of management. Retrieved Dec 01, 2009, from http://www. bola. biz/competence/fayol. html Marshal,G. (1998). Administrative theory. Retrieved December 10, 2009 from Encyclopedia. com: http://www. ncyclopedia. com/doc/1O88-administrativetheory. html Reid, D. (1995). Fayol: From experience to theory. Journal of Management History. Bradford (1)3, pg. 21 Reshef, Y. (2000). Henri Fayol (1841-1925) General and industrial management. University of Alberta. Retrieved on November 28, 2008, from http://www. business. ualberta. ca/yreshef/orga417/Fayol. htm Walonck, D. S. (n. d). Organizational theory and behavior. Retrieved Dec 01, 2009, from http://survey-software-solutions. com/walonick/organizational-theory. htm Wren, D. A. (1994). The evolution of management thought (4th ed. ). San Francisco: John Wiley Sons.

buy custom The Special Society essay

buy custom The Special Society essay Advocacy in general terms means assisting or helping the special society in the community to get or acquire the services they need for their living. The most affected special groups in the society are mainly the people with disabilities. This is mainly due to their physical condition that makes them to be ever disadvantaged when it comes to various issues like the jobs or even some social amenities. I feel that the disabled group should be provided with all that they require equally with other people and even be assisted with whatever they need. The disability in someone should not be an excuse to deny someone a job under any circumstances. If at all someone can be able to perform the job required well, then there should be no need of not giving such a person that work. If at all someone cannot be able to earn or even cater for himself, then it is important for him/her to be assisted with the required care like being provided with treatment or medical care, housing education and even be protected from stigmatization from the society. All this is the work of the government as well as the community. Everybody is supposed to be part and parcel of taking care of these disabled people in the society. In order to make this possible, the governments should form various groups that will assist those people and look after their needs all through. The non-governmental organizations should come out strongly to assist those who are in need of this care. The government should provide with the required materials and equipment that can assist those people to continue well with their lives. The governments should also declare free medical care for these people as well as providing other required amenities like the wheels chairs for cripples, hearing devices for the deaf and other important gadgets that can assist the disabled. There should be free education for these people as well as training that may assist them in their lives. Therefore it is the role of the government to look after this part of the community. The individuals as well as non-governmental society should also play its part towards caring for the disabled. Buy custom The Special Society essay

Newly Industrialised Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Newly Industrialised Countries - Essay Example The Asian countries of India, China Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia are notable examples NICs and their dramatic successes in economic growth have often been referred to as the East Asian Miracle. Other Asian countries like China and India have also achieved successes in economic growth. The 'economic miracle' of these East Asian countries is however not exclusive to Asia as countries in the Americas like Chile, Brazil and Mexico have also achieved appreciably high growth rates in their economies and could thus be referred to as NICs as well. It must be said though the growth rates vary amongst all the NICs and as such some growths may be relatively higher compared to others in other NICs. Countries like China, India Singapore and Hong Kong however standout of the rest due to the rapid nature of their growth within a space of about 30 years. Also, the use of NICs is a matter of definition and as such a country like South Africa that was largely secluded f rom the international economy due to its apartheid policies may now be categorised as an NIC by some, while others may classify it as a developed country. This essay will first conduct a generalised or panoramic view of the features that underlie the development experiences of NICs before undertaking a closer look at the experiences of selected NICs. It must be said that though the development experiences may be very varied, some common cardinal features can be seen in the experiences of all NICs. Most NICs were able to achieve high growth rates by instituting market reforms that favoured exports. (Hamilton 1987) There was also a strong emphasis on value added manufacturing that changed their economies from predominantly agrarian economies into industrial and manufacturing based economies. Increased capital investments from foreign and domestic sources played a key role in the development experiences of NICs and so did the development of domestic corporations that could compete with other foreign corporations both on the domestic market and on the regional or international markets as well. (Bhagwati, 1996) Typical examples are the automotive, steel and ship building companies of Korea. Political leadership also contributed significantly to the high growths in the economies of NICs. As stated earlier, though the 'authoritarian' thesis is a disputed one, the fact that relative political stability pertained in the countries that recorded significant growths in their economies goe s to show that political leadership played a crucial role in the development experience of NICs (Combie, 2000). The next segment of this essay will undertake a closer look at selected country experiences of NICs. China has been undergoing a dramatic transformation to a market economy. As a result, it currently is the world leader in terms of economic growth, industrial expansion, and exports. It contains an array of potential consumers that far exceeds the markets in Europe or the Western Hemisphere, and it is rapidly emerging as a new epicentre for industry, commerce, and finance. In addition, the so-called "greater China" has substantial amounts of technology and manufacturing capability, outstanding entrepreneurial, marketing, and services acumen in Hong

Answer the question separate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer the question separate - Essay Example ure and can climb the steps of success, but call of heart unleashes the stress at heart and makes life more worth of living enabling an individual to see the world under a benevolent light. Therefore, if I needed to omit anything from Thoreau’s words in my definition of a beautiful life, I would have excluded the phrase â€Å"live according to its [wisdom] dictates†, while including other attributes like â€Å"a life of simplicity, independence, magnanimity, and trust† at the same time, with a bit more importance (Thoreau, 1882). Des Pres envisions the human moral senses from the experiences of the concentration camp survivors, where humans were kept under most strict surveillance so far in the modern world. Therefore, the visions about moral senses and humanity framed by Des Pres are worth of modern life style. According to Des Pres, human moral order evolves from an evolutionary survival strategy and is definitely illusionary and idealistic. Worthily, Des Pres comments, â€Å"Group formation in defense against predation is common from insects to primates, and protective strategies often depend on intricate systems of communication and mutual aid† (Des Pres, 1976, pp. 199). Therefore, morality or sense of compassion and virtues like empathy or sympathy in human nature is not imbibed, neither they are inherent as Des Pres envisions them. According to him, human moral order is the consequence of collective effort and survival support system rendered to each other during the time of

Anorexia Nervosa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Anorexia Nervosa - Essay Example For ethos, she mentioned that she is a recovering anorexic, making her more credible for the topic in the eyes of the audience. It is also easy to identify the main points --- what it is, who is affected, and its repercussions --- because Cheyanne mentions them at the onset of the presentation. The transitions from one point to another are clear because Cheyanne restates the main point before going further to discussing it. The citations or references are also easily identifiable either from her speech or via the visual aids. Towards the end of the speech, Cheyanne reviews the main points in the conclusion; however, the concluding piece is not so memorable. Cheyanne merely mentions that a person should approach and talk to anyone observed as having an eating disorder because anorexia is really a dangerous disease. In terms of delivery, the presentation is clear and to the point. However, some distracting non-verbal behaviors can be avoided, like walking and gesturing with the hands i n just any manner. Lesser references to the notecards would also be helpful. Overall, the speech is informative and interesting, but it could still benefit from improvements in terms of delivery. The presentation deserves 4 out of 5 stars. I did not lose interest while listening to Cheyanne. However, the presentations would look more professional and formal if there are lesser references to the notecards. Walking and hands/arm gestures can also be minimized by making the information or picture appear (or perhaps highlighted) on the screen once she refers to it.

Did British Policies Lead To Partitions Of India History Essay

Did British Policies Lead To Partitions Of India History Essay On the 14th of August 1947 the new Islamic republican state of Pakistan was created, and on the following day, India was granted freedom and independence from colonial rule after 350 years. A number of British policies were introduced which led to deep communal conflict resulting in need for partition. This essay will explore the British policies implemented in India in a period of political consciousness and how it could have led to the partition as well as the roles of Jinnah, the Muslim League, Gandhi and the National Congress. There has been much debate among historians when looking at the reasons behind the creation of Pakistan and the need for partition. A number of British policies granted Muslims their own political representation; however a combination of communal conflicts and the alienation of the Muslims impacted on the decision for partition. The basis of the theory is that there was a want for a separate nationhood due to the failure to reach autonomy with India. The British adopted divide and rule policy which can be seen led to the partition of India. A number events leading up to the Partition resulted in Muslims wanting a separate nation. A call for non participation of Muslims in congress had turned Muslim anti nationalist, and by the 1880s, British imperial policy in India led many Muslims to this view, resulting in the creation of the Muslim League. The British once favoured the National Congress and they were given more power; however, Intransigence of the National Congress drew the government closer to the League and made them realise the importance of Jinnah as the spokesman for Indian Muslims  [1]  . Moreover the Partition of Bengal provided separatist thought for Muslims. In 1892 the Indian Councils Act was introduced, this allowed Indians to participate in local and provincial government. This is the first sign of Indians political need to govern the country. In 1916 the Lucknow Pact was introduced, in which the Muslim League and National Congress came together with the mutual goal to gain authority to run the government in India. The British government faced a lot of pressure following this pact. The following three clauses are distinctive; the first states that there shall be self-government in India. The second states that Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government. And finally that there should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community demanded for joint electorates  [2]  . This was the only time both political parties worked together in unity. This pact was important as the Indian National Congress was able to see the Muslim League as a political party who was in need of their own electorate and they recognised the need for the Muslims to have their own political representation. The Lucknow Pact was seen to be a result of the Morley-Minto reforms, introduced in 1909, and the y were seen as a major constitutional advance  [3]  as they were able to spot the imperfection in the British government in India. However, the tribune of Lahore described the reforms as a complete failure  [4]  and thus another reason for the creation of the Lucknow Pact was to gain more representation of Indian people in India. The Lucknow pact was seen as a consequence of separatism by the historian Jalal  [5]  . As the government rejected the idea tensions grew larger. Thus tension between Muslims and Hindus was relived for a short while. However some had large objection and opposition towards the pact believing it was a hopeful augury for the future  [6]  , and the all Indian Mahasabha led a crusade against the Lucknow Pact due to the evilness of the reforms  [7]  . It is important to note that not all Muslims had common political demands, but a growing consciousness of political affairs. Thus, the Lucknow Pact is an important point in history as it marked t he huge need to take authority away from British rule; however, it led to more tension between the Muslims and Hindus. India was able to gain more political advances due to their loyalty and war effort, however it was not as much as they anticipated. In 1919, the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms were introduced by the British Government in India to introduce self-governing institutions, which later formed the basis of the Government of India Act of 1919. However, the Indian nationalists believed these reforms did not go far enough and the Central League found it difficult to accommodate the rising power of the provincial Muslims in the Muslim majority areas, and this was reinforced by the political opportunities under the Montford Reforms of 1919  [8]  . By 1919, the British government passed the Rowlatt Acts. These acts allowed the government to place people thought of being involved in terrorism in prison without a trial. It was clear that Mahatma Gandhi was very wary of the act, believing this went against civil liberties. It was seen to be going against the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. This led to protests against the act, creating animosity against the British. Tension was highest in the state of Punjab where the Amritsar mass acre took place; ten thousand people had gathered and British Indian troops armed surrounded the area, locking these people in, and without using armed weapons, thousands died. It was believed this was done for fear of a revolt. This created even more tension and frustration towards the British. These acts are of great importance as they led to a separate political group for the Muslims. They were now recognised independently from the Indian political groups which can be seen as an important development in the idea of partition. When looking at Gandhis involvement with the Swadeshi movement in the 1920s, we are able to see the development of an Indian communal consciousness. It is important as the need to achieve independence from the British rule evolved from this movement. During a period of mass nationalism the nation was brought together by this movement however, it exacerbated religious tension and alienation. Ghandi established the Swadeshi movement of which was to achieve home rule. The aim was to make Indias economy self sufficient without the help of Britain and its goods. Ghandi created a different type of Swadeshi politics by using the production and consumption of khadi, hand woven cloth  [9]  . As cloth in India was seen as power and authority, they used the khadi as symbol of the nations basics. In order to inspire new modes of consumption and a breakaway from colonial mode of consumption, the Swadeshi movement provided exhibitions and lantern slide shows encouraging these new modes. During colonial rule, British maps were shown more to Indians then to the British, the map played significance to the establishment of colonial power it was obvious then that Indian nationalist refigured the colonial map for their own purposes.  [10]  The Swadeshi movement intended to challenge colonial authority and Gandhi was able to reach out to both rural and urban Indians. A common object such as khadi was now transformed into a symbol of the Indian community and this was successful because of its long standing cultural meaning  [11]  . However, Gandhi used religious language to express his views, using Hindu symbols, which initially alienated many of the Muslims as they were aimed at the Hindu majority. There were also exhibitions which showed how the British robbed India of its economic and political self-suffiency  [12]  . The Amritsar Massacre was shown through a lantern slide show in order to highlight how colonial rule used their power to abuse the people of India and to help people identify the problems that occurred in Punjab. Indians were bound together because of their vulnerability to an illegitimate foreign regime.  [13]  The formation of this movement enabled a growing consciousness of self rule, which ultimately led to the partition due to religious differences. The emergence of the Khilafat Movement which was led by the two Ali brotherwas a political campaign by Muslims born in 1919.As a result of the Khilafat Movement, in 1920 many Muslims believed Hinduism was now a symbol for political mobilisation and soon enough there was a divide  [14]  .The anti British nature of the movement were the basis of a short Hindu-Muslim alliance.  [15]   The 1937 provincial election was an overwhelming success for the Congress. The weakness of the Muslim League was shown, as the Congress won 6 out of 11 provinces of non-Muslim constituencies. The National Congress refusing to form coalition with the League and attempting to win mass Muslim votes through their upper classes, was a party of attack on Muslim culture this forced Congress on centre. Quit India movement led to a clear field for the League, genesis of partition and Pakistan by 1942 became clear.  [16]   Many historians believe the introduction of the Lahore Resolution in 1940 was the pin point of the need for partition. This was based on the need for greater Muslim autonomy, maybe not for a separate nationhood but indeed a separate state. In this year, Jinnah made it clear he wanted a separate nationhood. However, it was the Lahore Resolution which created the need for divide. According to Asim Roy, it was not the League, but the Congress that chose to run its knife along mother India.  [17]  In an orthodox view, Roy believed that the resolution, adopted by the annual session of the League at Lahore in March 1949, was the first official pronouncement of the Pakistan or Partition demand by the party.  [18]  . According to revisionist view is, Lahore was not meant to be the demand for Pakistan but was seen as tactful move. Roy believed the combination Jinnahs declining influence in the congress, which later led to his resignation in 1920, and the rise of Gandhi and his popular ised politics as well as the adoption of the Lahore Resolution, all led to Jinnah and the Leagues objectives to ensure a secure and legitimate place for Muslims in the changing world of India  [19]  . The Lahore Resolution, based on the principle of a separate Muslim nationhood, communalised politics and destroyed the rationale and basis of intercommunal politics.  [20]  The need for a separate nationhood would bring about many complications and indeed a divide between religions. The Government of India Act of 1935 was the ultimate Leagues objective, on the basis of the large League representation of the centre this provided for a federal government in India which gave autonomy to the provinces. In 1942, the Cripps Mission was an attempt by the British government to secure Indian cooperation for their efforts which they made in World War II. Cripps mission lies in miscalculations and problems which the new central government bought with major party representation and major responsibility  [21]  Cripps causes his own problems. Gandhi saw British panic and collapse. Gandhi was able to see Jinnahs influence for Pakistan after the Lahore agreement had grown. Gandhi saw the Cripps declaration as an open invitation for Muslims to create Pakistan. And begged Cripps not to publicise the declaration as it would put pressure on the Congress  [22]   The Hindu Mahasabha told Cripps the problems of majority rule and distrust for Muslims and thus rejected it. Cripps mission was attempting to prevent a split in the British war cabinet  [23]  which sent out an ambassador to India without their agreement; this was seen to be a failure without the support of the Indians. When a letter was formed Cripps new he failed as the Congress leader wanted dictatorship and absolute power thus showing how strong the existing order was. A quit India movement began soon after. After the Cripps mission it showed how strong British raj was but now was unable to survive due to Cripps mission. This causes more tension among Indians and need for power. This can be seen to be another instrument in creating the partition. By 1945, the new Labour Government in Britain decides India is strategically indefensible and begins to prepare for Indian independence. The Cabinet Mission came from all that was denied by the Cripps mission to Jinnah. The British Cabinet Mission arrived in 1946 to India to negotiate the transfer of power, but it led to a stalemate due to disagreement for Muslims future of Pakistan. This led to intense communal clashes in Calcutta. By August 1947 the partition was finally agreed upon after months of disagreement and Pakistan was created. To conclude, it is evident that the partition of India was formed not due to religious difference but to the combination of British policies implemented in India as well as communal differences. A number of different acts allowed more political rights to Muslims which led to the idea of partition and the need for their own self government. The alienation of Muslims in the National Congress which led to the establishment of the Muslim League resulted in tension and the need for separatism. The number of movements in India during the 1900s had a common interest that was to have the right to self government however; this led to the need for partition and for Muslims to have their separate nationhood. I believe partition was not on the agenda for many Muslims prior 1940s however due to the two nation theory and communal tensions, partition seemed to be the only solution. This can be seen as an effect of the British policies which enabled more political thought.

The Life Of King David :: David Goliath Religion History Essays

The Life of King David In this essay I will be talking about the life of King David. He was a man who went from being a giant slayer, to a king, to a man in exile and, then he went back to being a great man. As a boy, David was a shepherd. He took care of his father's sheep. He was a very courageous boy. When a wolf tried to steal a sheep, he didn't run, he stood his ground and killed the wolf. One day his father told him to go to the land where his brothers were fighting a war against the Philistines. When he got there, he saw the giant Goliath cursing God and making fun of the Hebrew warriors. David was the only person there with enough courage to fight Goliath. With God's help David killed Goliath with a sling and a stone from a brook nearby. When he killed Goliath, the Philistines were really scared. They all fled for their lives and the Hebrews won the war. During David's life he makes many friends. One of the people who was David's friend was king Saul. David played his harp for Saul and made him feel better when life was getting him down. David also becomes good friends with, Jonathan, Saul's son. Saul gets envious of David because the people of Saul's kingdom really like David. Saul tried to have David killed but, Jonathan finds out about the plot and saves David's life. Later on in life David became king of all Israel. One day David was up on the roof of his palace and he saw Bathsheba bathing on her roof. Instead of turning away from his sinful thoughts, he had her called to his chamber where he lay with her, and had sexual intercourse. David didn't think before he acted and he got Bathsheba pregnant. He had no idea how to get out of the predicament he was in. David summoned Bathsheba's husband Uriah back from battle. He told Uriah to go lay with his wife for the night, but Uriah was loyal to King David and would not leave the King's side. That night Uriah slept with the rest of the King's warriors, instead of his own wife who he hadn't see in days. The next night David tried to get Uriah drunk so he could trick him into lying with his wife. But still Uriah remains loyal to David and, he will not leave his King. Then David came up with an idea to have Uriah fight in the front

The Geranium

Date: 15/02/10 Title: The Geranium Text type: Short story Author: Patricia Grace This short story, ‘The Geranium', by Patricia Grace and published 1993, is a perfect example of Battered woman syndrome and the mental effects it has on a person in this case Marney. In the geranium, the main character, Marney is a stay at home mother. She cleans intensely all day and seems rather dull. She does not leave the house even when one of the girls tells her to â€Å"come for a stretch. † You know she is hesitant and you can feel that there is something stopping her from leaving. There seems to be a routine of non-stop cleaning, because when her friends, Sandra and Joe, come over this doesn't stop her from making sure things are clean, she even sets down paper to stop the floor getting dirty again. Her life is so boring that the highlight of her week is the arrival of the â€Å"paper that came on a Wednesday. † The paper is a widow to the outside world that she is no longer able to access. Although the paper shows her all kinds of things she could do and clubs she could enter, she can’t because of a mental block built up by the continuous abuse from Bob. The conflict becomes more clear with the return of Bob her husband. When Bob comes home he immediately starts demands what she has been doing all day. He asks questions about whether she’s been digging and cleaning and who’s been over. He is so controlling that he has to know ever little detail to make sure he does not â€Å"find out different. † When he finds out about â€Å"The Geranium† he tells her to â€Å"chuck that thing out. † This is a clear demonstration of his control, because Marney throws it away without question even though earlier we see that she really wanted it. These demonstrations of Bob’s dominance show us the reason for Marney’s resistance to leave for the shops earlier and why she finds the housework so important. The conflict is resolved when Marney throws out the Geranium at Bob’s command. This part of the story is significant because it is Marney’s chance to stand up for something she wants. We see earlier in the story that the Geranium is something that she has wanted; it is something to bring some colour into her dull, boring, grey life. A bit of change to brighten her days. But she is damaged from her abuse, and shows she has no freewill. Immediately faltering under Bob’s orders she â€Å"put it into [a] scrap bucket† as if it was of little matter to her. The â€Å"sink emptying† is her life being drained away. She watches as her life is taken away from here, because she was unable to speak up. She has let her chance slip away and has been doomed to the same dull days. I think the ideas that Patricia Grace is trying to get across is that; domestic violence isn’t all physical, that it can happen very much behind the scenes and the ways in which it can affect people. Although we get hints that Marney is physically abused such as; when Grace mentions that Marney â€Å"would put on her cardigan to hide her arm,† and when Bob grips her arm until it hurts, we never actually get any evidence of serious physical abuse. When the Sandra and Joe come over they dress Bob up as an amazing guy compared to their drunkard partners. Bob always has the groceries, and doesn’t come home drunk all the time. But behind the scenes he is very different from the picture the girls have made. He is threatening towards Marney and extremely controlling. He has scared into such an intense routine that she is no longer able to change that routine and is stuck to doing whatever he wants her to. This shows us that domestic violence can occur without the knowledge of the people that surrounding. Grace has showed us the way abuse can affect someone through the way Marney is. She has been so controlled by Bob that she can no longer even think for herself. She has ‘Battered Woman Syndrome’ and is completely under his control that she can not even reach out for help. These effects of her abuse show us how badly the aftermath of abuse affect someone just as bad as the abuse itself. The thing that I didn’t enjoy about this story is the style of writing. It is written in a boring way to emphasis the way Marney’s life is, and although it serves the purpose it left me feeling uninterested. What I did like the storyline. The way in which the conflict developed. I liked the way it starts off with what seems like Marney going about a normal day and then it turns into a day that that brings forth all her abuse and problems. Mainly starting with the arrival of her friends. These developments give us a great insight into a day in the life of Marney. And it is not a pretty picture.

Ideas of the Parthenon essays

Ideas of the Parthenon essays The Greek people of the 5th century BC created a culture that was deeply rooted in philosophy and the arts. Their endless search for their place in the grand scheme of the universe and in nature around them influenced everything in their lives especially their love of the arts. Their drama, sculpture, and even architecture are all shining examples of the ideas that were so dominant in the minds of the Greek people. What could be considered the crown jewel of Greek architecture, the Parthenon, is one such of these examples. It brings into form the three principal ideas of humanism, rationalism, and idealism of the 5th century Greek people through not only its structure, but its ornamentation and sculpture as well. The basis of humanism can be summed up in the words of Protagoras, Man is the measure of all things. Humanism is the idea that human beings are the yardstick by with to measure all things in the universe, including Greek gods and goddesses. The Parthenon stands for this very idea through the fact that it is a human organization of space. It brings an understandable order into a chaotic space that would otherwise be incomprehensible to a human being. It allows a human to see the space and recognize it as something that is real. It also consists of repeated patterns and distance intervals throughout its structure that add to this order. The metopes, for example, are set in an alternating pattern with the triglyphs around the entire building at distinct intervals bringing a clear order to the entablature of the Parthenon. The columns that support the Parthenon are also placed in certain distance intervals from each other and coincide with the pattern formed by the metopes and triglyph s. These columns, however, are not in a perfect pattern of equal distances around the entire Parthenon. The columns on either side of the doorway to the Parthenon are placed a little farther apart than the rest to show a clear entranc...

The History Of Hard Rock Cafe Tourism Essay Essay Example

The History Of Hard Rock Cafe Tourism Essay Essay Example The History Of Hard Rock Cafe Tourism Essay Essay The History Of Hard Rock Cafe Tourism Essay Essay The history of Hard Rock Cafe headquartered in Orlando, Florida began from July 14, 1971 by the visual aspect of a modest coffeehouse in London, England. Hard Rock Cafe s laminitiss are Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton, two enterprising and music-loving Americans. And, 1982 is the clip for HR s enlargement when 2 proprietors decided to develop their ain HRC in many different topographic points. After some passages and acquisitions, HR International now belongs to the Seminole Tribe of Florida with over 171 locales in more than 52 states around the universe, including 134 coffeehouse and 15 Hotels/Casinos, unrecorded music locales, and a immense one-year Rockfest concert. Differing from other corporations, HRC s consciousness of the trade name appeared at start-up and throughout the development procedure. Hard Rock Cafe theoretical account is typical of the method of building merchandises by subject a trade name new selling tool. Hard Rock Cafe is a mixture of experience, manner, amusement factor, sharing consciousness and finally memories storage. This is the cardinal factor taking HRC s present success. With stone n axial rotation esthesia A HR birthright- demonstrated by USD million valued aggregations of memorabilia, service doctrine Love All Serve All and operations under the streamer Save The Planet, Hard Rock Cafe the nucleus of HR International amusement and leisure company- will decidedly go on to successfully spread out the Hard Rock Brand. Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysia ) and Ho Chi Minh City ( Vietnam ) are considered alien and widespread venues of HR system. In 2011, Hanoi ( Vietnam ) is one of eight locales of HRC coming into being. I. THE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT STRATEGY OF HRC From a modest coffeehouse in London, HRC now occupies over 171 locations in 52 states. This success has been achieved by altering from a themed eating house into one take parting in what is now called the Experience Economy . Working in service industry, HRC s merchandises are services and they are intangible. OM ever plays an of import portion in service country. HRC understands this and uses OM efficaciously to acquire entree to their mark service invitees with alone experiences at each every bit good as every coffeehouse. This is found through its mission of To distribute the spirit of Rock n Roll by presenting an exceeding amusement and dining experience. We are committed to being an of import, conducive member of our community and offering the Hard Rock household a merriment, healthy, and fostering work environment while guaranting our long-run success . In service industry, scheme is fundamentally OM strategy.HRC uses Multi-Domestic scheme when utilizing its ( US ) domestic theoretical account globally, and utilizing franchising operations when it makes sense to make so. ( Half company, half franchise ) . This may includes utilizing the usage of joint ventures or subordinates. Franchises are used when it is decided that local ownership will convey a alone capableness, or local conditions suggest there will be an unusual or hard execution . In order to entree the competitory advantage ( Strategic Differentiation, Low Cost, and Response ) . Although HRC has no normal rivals, a batch of its challengers are from experience that tourers can see. HRC selectively applies 10 OM determinations, lending to singular accomplishments. This consequences in 92 % name recognistion all over the universe, seting HR in the top 10 of all eating houses. 1. Merchandise and Service Design With the doctrine Love all serve all , HRC provide invitees with experience, non repasts merely. Here, the chefs modify bill of fare from authoritative American Burger A ; chicken wings- to include higher-end points ( stuffed veau chops, lobster dress suits ) . They besides analyse and test the repasts every bit good as reappraisal the bill of fare to do certain the nutrient is good qualified and delightful plenty to function their invitees. Because HRC Easts to distinction for doing competitory advantage, the bill of fare every bit good as nutrient is normally changed. Besides, HR is adding a new accent on unrecorded music A ; redesigning its eating houses to suit the changing gustatory sensations. 2. Quality Differing from merchandise, service s quality is affected by many subjective criterions. It is non easy to put up a general degree of quality. This requires a serious attempt to acquire a success. With a concatenation of over 171 locations in 52 states, HRC has presents retained many trade names. HRC realises the importance of entire quality ; hence, each staff or each repast is strongly focused. The staff must be good qualified. They besides make research on nutrient, gustatory sensation or providers. Many studies about quality have been on a regular basis done based on the feedback or remark sheet from invitees. They aim at the most perfect quality by utilizing the scorecard of a one to seven graduated table. If the tonss are non a seven, this means a failure. They are happy to have the remarks from invitees, even the ailments by which they can better the services. That is the ground of the slogan We re traveling to harvest the benefits of the attempts that we put into it, so in t he terminal, the love you take is equal to the love you make . 3. Procedure and capacity design: Because Customer may be straight involved in procedure design and Capacity must fit demand ( service with 10 OM determinations Heizer A ; Render ) , HRC puts invitees at the bosom of operations and staffs ever try their best to fulfill invitees. Scheduling the big staff of barmans, cooks and servers, waiteresses is done based off of tracking gross revenues. The agenda can be modified for being suited with occupation character, seasonality and guestsconvenience for the intent of efficiency. Everyday, HRC serves about 100,000 repasts with appetisers, salad, sandwich, sides, Burger, entries and sweets. 4. Location choice: In service industry, location must be near clients. That is why HRC chooses the best locale at the centre of each metropolis to turn up. Location is a cardinal factor in service concern. It is the prerequisite status devising or breakage concern scheme. At HRC, location is considered one of the most indispensable OM determinations done by Oliver Munday HR s frailty President for cafe development. Before opening a new HRC, Mr. Oliver Munday travels a universe to pick up a state for HR s following coffeehouse, choose a metropolis, and happen the ideal site and so negotiates the trade. After that, he works with designers and contrivers and corsets with the undertaking through the gap and first twelvemonth s gross revenues. Normally, Mr. Oliver Munday looks at several factors with a planetary position when sing a location. Some of them are: political hazard, currency hazard, societal norms, trade name tantrum, societal costs, concern patterns. And, an extended research checklist is appl ied. They pay attending and do a tendency analysis of Demographics, Visitor Market, Transportation, Restaurants and Nightclubs ( a choice in cardinal mark market countries ) , Political Risk, Real Estate Market and Hard Rock Cafe Comparable Market Analysis. Depending on the consequence, HRC will finalize the concern theoretical account, joint-ventures, subordinates or franchise on the manner to put up a alone base. With 75 % invitees are tourers, most of HRC are located in cardinal countries holding congregated night life. The location determination is at least a 10-15 twelvemonth committedness. Besides, Break-Even Analysis is used to assist make up ones mind whether to construct the purchased land, or to reconstruct an bing installation. Currently, Munday is to a great extent looking into planetary enlargement in Europe, Latin America, and Asia. As estimated, there are 8 HRC that are coming into being in 2011, including Hanoi, Vietnam, assisting to increase the entire grosss to about 180. 5. Layout design: In service industry, layout is another of import component, lending to bettering merchandise A ; production. After turn uping, depending on world, HRC will make up ones mind the layout design. Sometimes, they purchase the land to the locale. Sometimes, they merely reconstruct on the base of rent land. HRC takes a great trade of clip for this work from exterior to interior. The lineation must be attractive while ornament is at the purpose of pulling the attending of invitees. The saloon, furniture, illuming system, sound and circulation are at the invitees comfort. Meanwhile, the working station every bit good as kitchen, nutrient country makes staff easy to run and function invitees at soonest. Furthermore, retail store together with memorabilia creates a deep feeling by a alone manner that can non be found anyplace else. All of them conveying the invitees a particular ambiance of life in RocknRoll universe. 6. Human resources and occupation design: Bing cognizant of the function of human resource which is critical in service, particularly in experience economic system, HRC is ever careful of enlisting every bit good as preparation. Applicants to HRC hold to run into the standards of visual aspect, positivity in attitude, high self-motivation and involvement in functioning and sharing experience. In add-on, they are required to be skilled at work and passionate approximately music every bit good. Bing a staff here, everybody passes Rock 101 a 2-day preparation class for basic service accomplishments and with a rock n roll spirit. Job-oriented synergistic Cadmiums covering kitchen, retail amp ; front-of-the-house service is the content of HRC s preparation programme. HRC tends to the scheme edifice a civilization leting for credence of significant diverseness and individualism , there is no favoritism at HRC. The publicity and employee policy are besides strongly focused and equal to all staffs. With value system to convey a merriment, healthy, nuturing environment into the HRC civilization , the staff is the component conveying the rock n roll psyche, doing atmosphere alive and bringing exceeding experience to the invitees. That is the ground why HRC is said to hold the competitory advantade through its human resources. Besides those determinations above, HRC besides pay attending to supply-chain, Inventory, programming and care direction. In order to hold nutrient served with freshness and high quality, HRC chooses the qualified providers and regularly work with them. At HRC, they set a agenda trusting on concern gross revenues, gross, events, seasonality, gross revenues forecast and concern tendency analysis to do certain they are ever at service. The most of import stock list direction is for memorabilia aggregations valueing over US $ 40 million with more than sixty 1000 pieces decorated at all HRC. No affair what the big figure of memorabilia, HRC efficaciously manage from a distance. They know good the name of every memorabilia, how many of them at each HRC and where to set. The care of memorabilia is done at Orlando every 5-7 old ages ; therefore, their valuable and largest RocknRoll aggregation is in good status all the clip. In add-on to OM determinations applied, HRC planetary scheme can be successful thanks to good prediction. Difficult Rock does nt restrict its usage of prediction tools to gross revenues. Depending on the application, Hard Rock makes long-range, intermediate-term or short-run gross revenues prognosiss conducted each month, by coffeehouse, and so aggregated for a central office position. The day-to-day prognosis is farther broken into hourly gross revenues. The point-of-sale system ( POS ) is at the Centre of the gross revenues calculating system. Computerized programming package is used and so they compare the existent gross revenues to calculate to cipher the discrepancies, find out the ground for bettering. A 3-year leaden moving norm is applied to cafe gross revenues, multiple arrested development is found in Hard Rock s bill of fare planningaˆÂ ¦Effective prediction helps HRC be at good service, lending to its successful Operations Management. In brief, selective application of 10 OM determinations with forecasting brings HRC with a competitory advantage, distinguishing HRC from other coffeehouse. This puts HRC steadfastly in the service industry, particularly in experience economic system which is so attractive but with a assortment of troubles and challenges every bit good. II. THE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENTS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR HARD ROCK WHEN CONSIDERING AN EXPANSION OF ITS BUSINESS INTO HANOI Continuing with the success in enlargement, HRC foremost appeared in Vietnam in 2009 by franchise done by Viet Thai International. That is HRC located in Kumho Plaza, right at the bosom of Saigon, the biggest and crowded metropolis of Vietnam. After over one twelvemonth of operation in Saigon, Vietnam HRC measure by measure gained some success with staying musical esthesia demonstrated through RocknRoll and valuable memorabilia aggregation. At the minute, there are a assortment of bars, eating houses, coffeehouse and even hotels in this metropolis ; however, HRC is still considered high spot. Of class, the topics of HRC is non monolithic, but selective. Their invitees are fundamentally hi-end, rich, sophisticated and with high musical gustatory sensation or aliens, tourers. They come to HRC non for a drink or a repast merely but for a mixture of experience, manner, amusement factor, sharing consciousness and finally memories storage.. On the manner to development, one more HRC is bei ng estimated to come into being in Hanoi capital of Vietnam. It is no uncertainty that HRC will confront many challenges. Hanoi is the Vietnam 2nd largest in population ( 6.5 million people ) with instability between urban and rural, urban and suburban. Hanoians are non so -going, and open-minded as the southern people. They live traditionally and slightly rigorous, conservative in accepting anything new or unusual. This is the obstruction to HRC with experience manner which seems still new to Vietnam. Besides, there are a batch of hotels, saloon, eating houses, amusement centres, shpping mallsaˆÂ ¦ , even modern locales invested by aliens that are regarded as rivals of HRC in experience economic system. The bound of Hanoi is at the deficiency of aiport. Until now, Noi Bai is the lone one airdrome and really far from Hanoi s centre ( 40 kilometers ) , the roads are non bad but non good synchronised yet, doing some obstructions to transit. A assortment of eating houses, saloon, cabarets are bing and working in this metropolis, which are rivals sharing the market in experience industry. The competiti on is more and more intense. About the Real Estate Market, it shows a bad fluctuation with unreasonably high monetary value. Hanoi s land is grouped into highest market in the universe, conveying the trouble in investing. Besides, the aftereffect of planetary crisis taking the lessening in hi-end people, including tourers with high affordability. Harmonizing to official staticstic, in 2010, the figure of hi-end tourers coming to VN toss off around 15-20 % . Some foreign offices temporarily near or cut down staff. The local people tend to cut the bugdet for amusement. Therefore, a luxury environment like HRC will be much damaged in measure, to some extent. However, it is evident to entree many chance for HRC when make up ones minding to spread out into Hanoi. The first chance is the demographics. The population of Hanoi is large at 6.5 million, the figure of people with high affordability are younger and younger. They will be easy at having the new characteristics like an experience. A figure of Hanoians earnestly and like to take the signifier of a infinite so epicurean and alone can be a pick to show position, their degree. Hanoi is the capital, the fix figure of aliens ling and working here is great. Many eating houses, hotels, bars, convention centersaˆÂ ¦that are good qualified to function a figure of riders. Embassies, foreign companies, NGOsaˆÂ ¦are majorly located here. And the large figure of tourers and business communities come here. And, many events, MICE activities are foremost chosen to organised here. With 75 % of HRC is tourers as statistic, Hanoi is at this advantage. Besides, the economic indexs are non excessively bad, even during the economic downswing, assuring a benefit for HRC when populating criterion is enhanced and more invitees coming to this coffeehouse. The following chance is created by the distinction scheme. Although there are a large figure of hotels, eating houses, saloon, shopping promenades or entertainmnet centres, nil is outstanding and highlighted. HRC with the alone characteristics by concatenation tradition will really pull clients. In add-on, the transit in Hanoi is more and more improved. Hanoi is the hub of northern part, the nexus of metropoliss, states in North. Except from the deficiency of synchronism in roads and a bigger airdrome with bigger capacity, the transit system is comparatively good. Noi Bai an international aiport with a history of 33 old ages and a capacity of 10 million riders per twelvemonth with many air hoses ( VNA, China Airline, Singapore Airlines, JetstaraˆÂ ¦ ) and direct flights to abroad. Hanoi besides has celebrated river right at the center of metropolis and a railroad station that is non far from the centre. These are comfortss! Hanoi besides brings HRC another chance of safety. Vietnam is considered one of 10 safe finishs. Everyone can be certain about the political hazard in our state. A stable and incorporate political government together with a high security can decidedly convey the bright prospective of concern. Hanoi with high populating criterion, a great figure of local people are able to extremely afford, holding high demands in musical gustatory sensation and quality. Here is the cradle of stone with a big figure of fans. As a consequence, HRC with RocknRoll esthesia can to the full run into their demands and front-runner. Furthermore, HRC foremost came to Vietnam by Franchised done by Viet Thai International in 2009. Viet Thai International is a successful corporation in Highlands coffeehouse concatenation. It is apparent that HRC can go on experience in making operations in coffeehouse in peculiar and in experience industry in general. HRC has been holding strong trade name and repute. In brief, with a batch of chances analysed above, it is clear that HRC makes a determination of enlargement to Hanoi is sensible. And, it is no uncertainty that HRC will go on their success if they remain faithful to system s spirit The RocknRoll esthesia so that invitees come here non for merely a repast or a drink, but a mixture of experience, manner, amusement factor, sharing consciousness and finally memories storage. This is the feeling that can non be found anyplace except HRC concatenation, until now. = gt ; Choose cardinal territory ( Hoan Kiem ) at Vincom Plaza

Face book Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Face book - Coursework Example Since its establishment in 2004, Facebook has added a number of features and applications based on the prevailing trends and user preferences. For example, in 2007, Facebook introduced a feature that allowed friends to gave gifts to friends, post free advertisements and also allowed users to develop their own applications. The trend of adding new features has continued even up to date. For example, as late as February 2014, Facebook launched an application called Paper to be used for delivering news (Phys.org, 2014). Facebook has promised to add more features and applications in order to enhance the experience of the users. Therefore, based on this trend, it is clear that Facebook will continue to attract more users in the future, and hence will remain a dominant force in the social networking market. The projected dominance of Facebook is evidenced by how it managed to outsmart MySpace in 2008. By 2004, when Facebook was being founded, MySpace was the leading social networking site worldwide. However, as of 2008, Facebook had overtaken MySpace and had become the most popular networking site worldwide with the highest number of users. One of the key ingredients in this growth was the ability of Facebook to introduce an Open API platform in 2007 (Jung & Lee, 2011). This platform allowed for group interactions, as opposed to one-to-one communications. Facebook was thus the first site to introduce this type of application, and this had two major advantages. First, both Facebook and MySpace users could interact, and this helped capture some of the MySpace users to Facebook. Secondly, Facebook was able to increase the interactions between its users, and this further facilitated its accelerated growth and eventual outpacing of MySpace in 2008 (Jung & Lee, 2011). Similarly, due to the h igh popularity of Facebook, the interactions it fosters will help it grow its users into the future compared to other social

Obesity in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Obesity in UK - Essay Example (Obesity Focused (2001) According to the obesity society, an estimated 200 million adults and 18 million under the age of five were obese in 1995. It also estimates that over 300 million individuals are currently obese in the world (WHO, 2004). In the United Kingdom, about 46% of men and 32% of women are overweight (with a BMI of 25-30) while an amazing 17% of men and 21% of women are obese. It also reports that, in the developing world alone, currently more than 115 million individuals are obese. Obesity is majorly attributed to poor eating habits, unchecked lifestyles, insufficient sleep, smoking, use of medication, pregnancy, family history, among other factors. Its health risks cannot be undermined as it causes a wide range of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancers. Other risks include mechanical disabilities like varicose veins, metabolic disorders like Gall stones, and even decreased life expectancy. It is also likely to cause a number of psychological and social problems within an individual. For example, an obese person may suffer from low self esteem since people normally perceive obesity as unattractiveness. The hospitality industry is a diverse global industry with a wide range of service industries. These include the hotel industry, the food service industry, and tourism. Obesity is mainly blamed on the overall lifestyle of an individual. The hospitality industry mainly is concerned with the improving the living standard of individuals. Therefore, it is prudent to claim that the hospitality industry, through mainly the food, hotel and the beverages industry, may be a contributing factor to obesity in an individual. According to Marlene B. of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, obesity is majorly associated with unhealthy eating and low levels of physical activity. "She claims that the increase in obesity in the United Kingdom can be blamed to the numbers of "quick service restaurants" which have sprung up in the urban centers and which cook foods which have high saturated fat and high sugar content. She also notes that the youth are the ones who are majorly affected by this trend as the restaurants mostly carter for the youth. (Obesity focus, 2004) Research by Yale University professor Kelly Brownell showed that fast food did contribute significantly to the amount of calorie taken in a day thereby increasing the risk for obesity. The food industry's major shift to provision of high energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugars but low in vitamins and minerals can also be blamed for the increased cases of obesity. This has led to energy imbalance as the calories consumed are not used hence they accumulate as fat. The industry is also blamed for not providing sufficient information about the contents of foods they provide to the public. A group of obesity activists in the United Kingdom is claiming that the menu should be labeled with information that would help individuals control their choices of food, thereby enabling them to limit or avoid those foods that would increase the chances of them being obese. This they propose, is to be done by making it mandatory for restaurants to include in their menus a data showing the ca lorie count of respective foods. They claim that this would enlighten consumers as they order meals. Most people in the society do not understand effects of the foods