M1A3 - Organizatinal Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and Contrast between IPv4 and IPv6. Why IPv6 Hasn't Been Research Paper

Look into somewhere in the range of IPv4 and IPv6. Why IPv6 Hasn't Been Implemented on the Internet - Research Paper Example It conveys datagrams or parcels from the source to the goal have by just basing on their addresses. Throughout the years, the IP has experienced modifications in its turn of events and the Internet Protocol form 4 (IPv4) is its fourth correction. Another ongoing correction is the Internet Protocol rendition 6 (IPv6). Both IPv4 and IPv6 are at the center of web internetworking techniques that are norms based. In any case, there exist contrasts between the two renditions of the IP just as their degrees of arrangement. Since its turn of events, the IPv4 is the principal rendition of the web convention to be generally sent and until today, it is still stands apart as the Internet Layer convention that is broadly conveyed. This is so in spite of the improvement of further developed variant of the IP, the IPv6. This means there is something in particular about the IPv4 that makes it more famous than the IPv6. I pick this point with a point of knowing the distinctions and likenesses that ex ist between the IPv4 and IPv6 in order to distinguish why IPv6 has not been executed on the web. ... From these, it is normal that IPv6 ought to have accomplished a more prominent degree of organization than the IPv4. However, for what it's worth, the sending of IPv6 is still at its earliest stages. This paper examinations the reasons with regards to why IPv6 has not been actualized on the web. Writing Review In request to recognize the reasons concerning why IPv6 has not been executed on the web, it is critical to comprehend the likenesses and contrasts somewhere in the range of IPv4 and IPv6. This will be significant in distinguishing any shortcomings that underlie the IPv6 and give a base to making suggestions for enhancements that will empower it to accomplish a decent degree of organization. For this paper, the wellsprings of the writing survey and examination will be books, diaries and articles on PC sciences and data innovation. solid online sources on a similar will likewise be utilized. Likenesses Both IPv4 and IPv6 are interior layer conventions intended for parcel exchang ed internetworking. The two IP renditions are additionally equipped for giving start to finish datagram or parcel transmission across more than one IP systems. As far as the structure of their bundles, both the headers of IPv4 and IPv6 have a discretionary fields or augmentation that can be utilized to execute uncommon highlights. Contrasts According to (Shankland, 2011), IPv4 permits 32 bits for an IP and along these lines, it can bolster 232 (4,294,967,296) addresses. Then again, IPv6 utilizes 128-piece addresses, thusly, the created address space underpins 2128. This is around 340 undecillion or 3.4?1038 locations. This makes the huge location space a significant component of IPv6 over IPv4. This development makes space for additional gadgets and clients on the web. It likewise takes into consideration extra

Were You Affected by the Equifax Data BreachÂ

Were You Affected by the Equifax Data Breach   Were You Affected by the Equifax Data Breach? Were You Affected by the Equifax Data Breach?Your credit may be at risk. Learn more about the impact of this epic data breach.In September 2017, Equifax, one of the three major credit bureaus, announced it suffered a data breach that comprised approximately 148 million people’s sensitive private information. The compromised information included names, social security numbers, birth dates, addresses, and driver’s license numbers. In more than 200,000 cases, credit card numbers were compromised, and in about 182,000 cases, documents that contained personal identifying information were breached.While the Equifax breach isn’t the largest one to ever take place, it was still unprecedented due to the very sensitive nature of the information that was compromised.Chances are, at some point in time, you’ve been the victim of a data breach. In this post, we will walk you through the dangers of data breaches and how to check whether or not your information was compromised.The ABCs of da ta breaches    The Equifax data breach is significant because it happened to a credit bureau, a type of company that collects your financial data from creditors, analyzes it, and produces your credit report and credit score.The data collected by credit bureaus, such as social security numbers and account information, are highly sensitive. Hackers can use that information to open fraudulent accounts in your name or steal your identityâ€"or sell it to someone who wants to do the same. For example, they may open credit cards or utility accounts in your name, run up bills, and then abandon them.This kind of fraudulent activity can tank your credit score, which is a tool creditors, such as banks, use to decide whether or not you qualify for certain financial products, such as loans. This, in turn, can lead to financial ruin.The danger behind data breachesThose who are just starting to build their credit or have lower credit scores may be more vulnerable than others. It doesn’t take muc h to ruin a credit score, and when this happens, it can make it even more difficult for victims to qualify for things like loans, mobile phone plans, rent applications, and even certain jobs. Frequently, when people cannot qualify for traditional financial products, they turn to high-risk alternative products such as no credit check loans, bad credit loans, and payday loans. These loans are often sold by predatory lenders and can set debt traps for borrowers.Identity theft is a growing problem in the United States. According to a report from the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), in 2018 there were more than 444,000 cases of identity theft in the United States, a 15% increase from 2017.You’ve likely heard advice about how to protect your information online: Don’t give out personal identifying information. Never send your social security number to sources you can’t identify or don’t trust. Use complex passwords and don’t use the same password on multiple sites. But in the case of this Equifax breach, there really isn’t anything you could have done to protect yourself. Credit bureaus collect your information as a matter of course, and there really isn’t a way for consumers like you to opt out of them.How to check your breach statusThe easiest way to check if you were one of the thousands of Americans affected by the Equifax data breach is to visit this settlement eligibility page, the official page of the settlement that is run by the settlement administrator, not Equifax. There, you will input your last name and the last six digits of your social security number. With this information, the settlement tool will be able to tell you whether or not you were impacted by the breach â€" that is, whether or not your information was compromised.I was impacted. Now what?In July 2019, the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and the FTC announced a $700 million settlement with Equifax, which would offer monetary relief to those impacted by the breach. As of September 2019, the settlement had not been finalized or approved by the courts, but the FTC’s website and Equifax breach settlement site has information to help people determine if they are potentially eligible for compensation or if there are other options available to them. There are deadlines  associated with the various options available.Continue to monitor your creditIn the meantime, it’s always important to monitor your own credit reports, which you can do for free once a year. If you notice suspicious activity and think your identity may have been stolen, check out this  post on what to do in addition to several others below:So Your Identity Has Been Stolen Now What?What to do About Data LeaksTips for Protecting Your Data OnlineShould You Freeze Your Credit?

Biography of Matthew Henson

In 1908 explorer Robert Peary set out to reach the North Pole. His mission began with 24 men, 19 sledges and 133 dogs. By April of the following year, Peary had four men, 40 dogs and his most trusted and loyal team member—Matthew Henson. As the team trudged through the Arctic, Peary said, â€Å"Henson must go all the way. I can’t make it there without him.† On April 6, 1909, Peary and Henson became the first men in history to reach the North Pole. Achievements   Credited with being the first African-American to reach the North Pole with Peary explorer in 1909.Published A Black Explorer at the North Pole in 1912.Appointed to the US Customs House in recognition of Henson’s Arctic travels by former President William Howard Taft.Recipient of the Joint Medal of Honor by US Congress in 1944.Admitted to the Explorer’s Club, a professional organization dedicated to honoring the work of men and women conducting field research.Interred in Arlington National Cemetery in 1987  by former President Ronald Reagan.Commemorated with a US Postage Stamp in 1986 for his work as an explorer. Early Life Henson was born Matthew Alexander Henson in Charles County, Md. On August 8, 1866. His parents worked as sharecroppers. Following the death of his mother in 1870, Henson’s father moved the family to Washington D.C. By Henson’s tenth birthday, his father also died, leaving him and his siblings as orphans. At the age of eleven, Henson ran away from home and within a year he was working on a ship as a cabin boy. While working on the ship, Henson became the mentee of Captain Childs, who taught him not only to read and write but also navigation skills. Henson returned to Washington D.C. after Childs’ death and worked with a furrier. While working with the furrier, Henson met Peary who would enlist Henson’s services as a valet during travel expeditions. Life As an Explorer   Peary and Henson embarked on an expedition of Greenland in 1891. During this time period, Henson became interested in learning about Eskimo culture. Henson and Peary spent two years in Greenland, learning the language and various survival skills that Eskimos used. For the next several years Henson would accompany Peary on several expeditions to Greenland to collect meteorites which were sold to the American Museum of Natural History. The proceeds of Peary and Henson’s findings in Greenland would fund expeditions as they tried to reach the North Pole. In 1902, the team attempted to reach the North Pole only to have several Eskimo members die from starvation. But by 1906 with the financial support of former President Theodore Roosevelt, Peary and Henson were able to purchase a vessel that could cut through ice. Although the vessel was able to sail within 170 miles of the North Pole, melted ice blocked the sea path in the direction of the North Pole. Two years later, the team took another chance at reaching the North Pole. By this time, Henson was able to train other team members on sled handling and other survival skills learned from Eskimos. For a year, Henson stayed with Peary as other team members gave up.   And on April 6, 1909, Henson, Peary, four Eskimos and 40 dogs reached the North Pole. Later Years Although reaching the North Pole was a great feat for all team member, Peary received credit for the expedition. Henson’s  was almost forgotten because he was an African-American. For the next thirty years, Henson worked in the US Customs office as a clerk. In 1912 Henson published his memoir Black Explorer at the North Pole. Later in life, Henson was acknowledged for his work as an explorer—he was granted membership to the elite Explorer’s Club in New York. In 1947 the Chicago Geographic Society awarded Henson with a gold medal. That same year, Henson collaborated with Bradley Robinson to write his biography Dark Companion. Personal Life Henson married Eva Flint in April of 1891. However, Henson’s constant travels caused the couple to divorce six years later. In 1906 Henson married Lucy Ross and their union lasted until his death in 1955. Although the couple never had children, Henson had many sexual relationships with Eskimo  women. From one of these relationships, Henson bore a son named Anauakaq around 1906. In 1987, Anauakaq met the descendants of Peary. Their reunion is well documented in the book, North Pole Legacy: Black, White, and Eskimo. Death Henson died on March 5, 1955, in New York City. His body was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx. Thirteen years later, his wife Lucy also died and she was buried with Henson. In 1987 Ronald Reagan honored the life and work of Henson by having his body re-interred at Arlington National Cemetery.

Analysis Of Frank D. Bean And Charles H. Wood - 1071 Words

Frank D. Bean Charles H. Wood (1974) sought to determine if the relationships between levels of income and patterns of marital fertility varied within three major ethnic groups in the United States (p. 638). The article examined two major areas of sociological research, which included relationships between fertility, income, and minority group status. First, the researchers addressed research related to the impacts of income on fertility. Second, they explored the ways in which fertility could be influenced by minority group status. The overall purpose of their article was to demonstrate findings that would convey an improved, enhanced understanding of the effects that various income related factors have upon fertility patterns. Primarily, the authors wanted to further clarify the relations between minority group status and fertility patterns within ethnic groups in the United States. Bean Wood (1974) acknowledged that it would be rational to assume that higher fertility rates are directly linked to families that have higher incomes (p. 629). This is because childrearing requires families to economically support their offspring. Considering this, it would be logical to predict that higher fertility rates would be linked to families that have a great deal of economic resources at their disposal. Contrary to this assumption, measuring the influence of income on fertility is very complex and this relationship is not as clear-cut as the previous assumption might allude to.Show MoreRelatedChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagesand John Locke: Late 1600s 8 3. Beginning of Children’s Literature: Late 1700s 10 4. Fairy and Folk Tales 12 The Golden Age of Children’s Literature: Late 1800s 12 5. Victorian Childrens Literature 16 6. Contemporary Childrens Literature 18 6. Analysis of Harry Potters’ series 21 7. Conclusion 30 8. Summary 31 Children’s Literature Definitions 31 The Ancient World [ancient Rome; 50 BCE to 500 CE] 31 The Middle Ages [500 to 1500 CE] 31 The European Renaissance [1500-1650 CE] 32 The 17th CenturyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPositions: Franklin D. Schurz Chair, Department of Management, Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame; Matherly-McKethan Eminent Scholar in Management, Warrington College of Business Administration, University of Florida; Stanley  M. Howe Professor in Leadership, Henry B. Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa; Associate Professor (with tenure), Department of Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University; Lecturer, Charles University, CzechRead MoreAn Evaluation of an on-Farm Food Safety Program for Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Producers; a Global Blueprint for Fruit and Vegetable Producers51659 Words   |  207 Pagesto reduce risk. An illustrative case study to examine implementation trends was developed through the examination of current on-farm food safety issues and programs, with specific focus on the Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers (OGVG) hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)- based initiative. In 2003, OGVG s 200 members had a combined farm-gate value of $350 million and represented 41 per cent of North American greenhouse vegetable production. Program implementation barriers identifiedRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesVIEW Strategic Human Resource Management Taken from: Strategic Human Resource Management, Second Edition by Charles R. Greer Copyright  © 2001, 1995 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein thatRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of cost categories Marketing cost analysis: aims and methods An illustrationRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesdevelopment process, many CDE staff members were involved at various levels. Additional thanks are extended to members of the Child Development Division: Michael Jett,* Gwen Stephens,* Gail Brodie, Sy Dang Nguyen, Mary Smithberger,* Maria Trejo, and Charles Vail; Special Education Division: Meredith Cathcart; Nutrition Services Division: Lynette Haynes-Brown, Kelley Knapp, and Heather Reed; Professional Development and Curriculum Support Division: Nancy Carr. Early Childhood Education StakeholderRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesfollowing classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and other suggestions. Classification of Cases by Major Marketing Topics Topics Most Relevant Cases Marketing Research and Consumer Analysis Coca-Cola, Disney, McDonald’s, Google, Starbucks Product Starbucks, Nike, Coke/Pepsi, McDonald’s, Maytag, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Newell Rubbermaid, DaimlerChrysler, Kmart/Sears, Harley-Davidson, Boeing/Airbus, Merck, Boston Beer, Firestone/FordRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial CharacteristicsRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structureRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesMeanings and Dimensions of Culture 5. 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Food Law, Food Safety Risk Management Free Essays

string(129) " officers are permitted to enter the premises of a food business operator whether they are in or outside the authority’s area\." Introduction Details needed from Mrs Its Disgusting In order to make a thorough investigation into the food complaint that has been made by Mrs Its Disgusting, it is necessary to take some details from her so that the actual cause of the complaint can be determined. This is also necessary in establishing whether the bakery in Elsewhere has breached food safety legislation by manufacturing and distributing the scones. Once the relevant information has been gathered, it will then become clear what the best course of action to take is, having regard to the Food Law Enforcement Policies of Somewhere Local Authority. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Law, Food Safety Risk Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The exact details of the bakery where Mrs Its Disgusting purchased her scone will be needed so that an investigation of the premises can take place. The time and day in which the scone was purchased is also required as well as the details of who served Mrs Its Disgusting. This will enable the correct premises to be identified and will ensure that no time is wasted trying to locate the bakery. It will also be necessary to find out who actually purchased the scone from the bakery and whether it was eaten on the premises or off the premises. The reason this information is needed is because it may affect the duty of care that was owed as shown in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100. Furthermore, it will also be necessary to find out whether Mrs Its Disgusting altered the scone in any way by spreading butter and jam onto it or whether she actually purchased the scone like that. This will help to determine liability since there is a possibility that there was no glass in the scone when it left the bakery. Furthermore, it will be necessary to find out whether any other food was purchased from the bakery and the condition of it. It is also important to find out if there is a likelihood that someone could have tampered with the scone subsequent to it being purchased and before Mrs I-D took a bite out of it. In finding this out, Mrs Its Disgusting will need to be asked whether the scone is in its original state and whether it has been kept in a refrigerator or not. Finally, Mrs I-D’s address and telephone number will be needed so that she can be contacted during the investigation and both Mrs Its Disgusting and Mrs I-D will have to sign a food complaint form to state that they are happy for an investigation of the problem to take place and that they will act as witnesses if the Council decide that legal action is appropriate. The following questions will need to be asked; Has the food been stored in a safe place Has the food been tampered with any time after it was purchased Are there any other packages apart from the one that you have provided me with Was the scone part of a pack and if so do you have the remaining scones Could you tell me exactly when and where you purchased the scones and at what time Can you provide me with specific details as to how you handled the scones from the time of purchase up until you discovered the problem What did you do with the scone after you discovered the glass Can you tell me exactly how the food has been stored before and after the problem was discovered Has you or Mrs I-D been affected by this What injuries did Mrs I-D sustain as a result of the broken glass and do you have a medical report in relation to this Are you and Mrs I-D willing to give evidence in court if necessary Investigation Steps Once all of the necessary information has been gathered from Mrs Its Disgusting and Mrs I-D it will then be determined whether an investigation is necessary and what steps will need to be taken. Since it is the responsibility of all enforcement authorities within the UK to ensure that food businesses comply with the law (Food Standards Agency, 2011, p. 4) it is evident that an investigation will be needed. This is because, under the Food Safety Act (FSA) 1990 and the Food Hygiene (England) Regulations (FHR) 2006 it is an offence for any person to sell or process food for sale which is harmful to one’s health (Rochdale Metropolitan Council, 2012, p. 1). Furthermore, although the food was baked in a bakery in the neighbouring food authority, Elsewhere it will still be appropriate for the enforcement officer in Somewhere Local Authority to investigate this case because this is where the food was actually eaten. Since Mrs Its Disgusting found glass in a scone she purchased from the bakery it is evident that this would be harmful to her health as this is a serious matter which needs to be dealt with accordingly. Under Reg. 6 (1) of the FHR and section 10 of the FSA it is made clear that an enforcement officer authorised under the FSA may serve a notice on the food business operator ordering them to improve their business if they have reason to believe that the business is failing to comply with the Hygiene Regulations. In doing so, the officer will thus be required to; â€Å"State the officers grounds for believing that the food business operator is failing to comply with the regulations; Specify the matters which constitute the food business operators failure to comply; Specify the measures which the food business operator must take in order to secure compliance; and Require the food business operator to take those measures within a certain time period† (Reg. 6 (1) (a)-(d)). In deciding if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the food business operator is failing to comply with the regulations the officer would need to enter the premises and take necessary samples of the food being produced. Under Reg. 14 (1) of the FHR officers are permitted to enter the premises of a food business operator whether they are in or outside the authority’s area. You read "Food Law, Food Safety Risk Management" in category "Essay examples" Furthermore, under Reg. 12 the officer will also be permitted to take samples of food or articles so that they can be used as evidence in the event of proceedings. If any samples are taken, the officer will then need to decide whether they should be examined under Reg. 13 and in accordance with their powers under section 9 of the FSA. Regulation EC 178/2002 provides the general traceability provisions which will provided the officer with the ability to trace and follow the food being produced by the baker through all st ages of production, processing and distribution (European Commission, 2007, p. 1). As part of the investigation process, it is also necessary for the enforcement officer to send details of the food complaint to; the manufacturer or importer of the food; the bakery where the food was purchased; and the Elsewhere local authority. This is because, the comments provided by the manufacture of the scones and the bakery may be able to establish what caused the problem and an overview of the precautions normally taken will be provided. In addition, they will also be able to demonstrate what steps will be taken in the future to prevent this from happening again. The Elsewhere local authority will also be able to â€Å"provide information on hygiene conditions at the production plant, the precautions taken and how well they usually comply with legal standards† (Embridge Borough Council, 2012, p. 1). Once the investigation has been undertaken, it is then up to the officer to decide whether an offence under the FSA has been committed. Since the bakery has rendered food that is injurious to health, it is likely that an offence under section 7 (b) of the FSA will be found. This is because an article appears to have been used as an ingredient in the preparation of the food which had caused Mrs I-D to sustain injuries. In deciding whether the appropriate action shall be a warning letter, formal caution or prosecution, the seriousness of the offence and the steps taken to avoid any future mishaps will need to be considered. Regardless of this, however, if the bakery is able to demonstrate that they had taken all reasonable precautions to avoid problems such as this from occurring then they may be able to put forward the ‘due diligence’ defense as provided for under section 21 of the FSA. If it can be shown that the person involved in the sale of the scones had acted with due diligence to prevent the commission of an offence from occurring then that person will not be found negligent (Wild and Weinstein, 2010, p. 627). Because of the broad nature of investigations, it is likely that the process will take a number of months since a lot of in-depth information needs to be gathered. This is because unless all of the relevant information is attained, a proper review of the case cannot be mad e and the due diligence defense will not be made out. On completion of the investigation, the officer will be required to write to Mrs Its Discgusting informing of the action that shall be taken. If the matter has been resolved informally during the investigation no further action will be taken and the food business complained of may want Mrs Its Disgusting’s and Mrs ID’s details so that they can send an apology or provide them with compensation. The permission from both ladies will first be needed, however, before any details can be passed on. In deciding what action shall be taken, the officer will need to decide whether the bakery had acted reasonably in order to prevent any risks of contamination and if not a plan of action will need to be devised so that care is taken to â€Å"identify and consider the risks of potential sources of contamination in the surrounding environment† (Brennan, 2006, p. 357). Accordingly, suitable controls will need to be developed and implemented so that future contamination is avoided (Sprenger, 2003, p. 229). This will ensure compliance with Regulation 852/2004 which makes it clear that all food business operators must ce rtify the â€Å"hygiene of foodstuffs at all stages of the production process, from primary production up to and including sale to the final consumer† (Europa, 2009, p. 1) in order to avoid damage to health. Compliance with Regulation 853/2004 must also be certified which lays down the specific hygiene rules relating to the microbiological criteria for foodstuffs. Available Options There a number of different options available for the investigating officer, yet it would be appropriate to serve a notice on the food business ordering them to make necessary changes to the production process in order to avoid a re-occurrence of this problem. This will require the officer to serve a notice on the food business, yet in order to decide what changes need to be made, the officer will be required to interview all those involved with production. Once this has been done, the officer may also want to undertake legal action so that Mrs I-D can make a claim against the food business for breaching their duty of care towards Mrs I-D. In doing so, it will need to be established that the food business did actually owe Mrs I-D a duty of care, that they breached their duty and that the duty caused the harm as in Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 1 All ER 568. Because Mrs I-D would have been so closely affected by the actions of the food business that they ought to have had her in their contemplation it is clear that they owed her a duty of care. This duty was thus breached by allowing the glass to enter the scone and the glass subsequently caused injury to Mrs I-D’s gums. As a result, it is evident that the food business shall be liable for negligence and that Mrs I-D should be compensated for the damage. This can be settled out of court but if the food business is un-cooperative; legal action will be the next step. And it will therefore be up to the food business to demonstrate that they acted with due diligence (Atwood and Thompson, 2009, p. 346). References Atwood, B. Thompson, K. and Willett, C. (2009) Food Law, Tottel Publishing, 3rd Edition. Brennan, J. G. (2006) Food Processing Handbook, John Wiley Sons. Elmbridge Borough Council. (2012) Food Complaints; What we can do about unsatisfactory food, [Online] Available: http://www.elmbridge.gov.uk/envhealth/food/foodcomplaints.htm [28 December 2012]. European Commission. (2007) General Food Law – Traceability, Health and Consumers, [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/foodlaw/traceability/index_en.htm [29 December, 2012]. Europa. (2009) Food Hygiene, Summaries of EU legislation, [Online] Available: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/food_safety/veterinary_checks_and_food_hygiene/f84001_en.htm [29 December 2012]. Food Standards Agency. (2011) Making Every Inspection Count, Internal Monitoring Advice for Local Authority Food and Feed Law Enforcement Team Managers, [Online] Available: http://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/enforcework/ [27 December 2012]. Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council. (2012) Food, Pests, Pollution and Food, [Online] Available: http://www.rochdale.gov.uk/health_and_social_care/food.aspx [27 December 2012]. Sprenger, R. A. (2003) Hygiene for Management, London, Highfield Publications. Wild, C. and Weinstein, S. (2010) Smith Keenan’s English Law: Text and Cases, Longman, 16th Edition. How to cite Food Law, Food Safety Risk Management, Essay examples

Philosophy of Market

The philosophy of social justice insists that everyone should be provided with equal opportunities as far as the social, economic and political circles are concerned. It specifically states that no particular member of the society should be given undue advantages over others in social, political or economic aspects of life. All citizens of a country are considered to be equal, as far as the opportunities in these circles are concerned.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The word ‘should’ is important in that it is used to point out the fact that every human being must be given equal chances in the three aspects, and none should be considered superior to others. Philosophy of unrestricted free market insists that the government must have doctrines that prohibit the use of fraud, undue force, contract breaching or theft. The most important rules concer ning property should be included as stated in the paragraph below. People should be free to use their property at their sole discretion and no rule should limit them using their private properties. They are entitled to transfer their private properties to other people. People are also prohibited from using undue force, theft or fraud to obtain other people’s properties. Citizens are also expected to stick to the terms of the contracts they willingly enter by means of signing. As per the unrestricted free market philosophy, the forces of demand and supply should be left to control the price of a given commodity without human intervention. The price of a given commodity should decrease with increase in supply, and correspondingly increase with the decrease in supply as per the law of demand and supply. The philosophy of a competitive free market insists that doctrines promoting free and fair competition should be put in place by the government. It argues that land and other pro perties should be widely distributed. Capital should be easily available to laborers as per this philosophy. Productive technology should be also made available without anybody claiming ownership for such a technology and its sole usage. The greatest strengths of the philosophy of unrestricted free market is the fact that it encourages hard work among the citizens of a particular country as one has to fight to get the necessary resources for production.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact that price of a particular commodity is controlled by demand and supply forces is another strength as it encourages fairness in society, thus locking out the unnecessary rise of prices for particular commodities. The greatest weakness of this philosophy is that it does not limit one as far as contracting is concerned and also people are free to use their properties in whichever manner they want , even if the use has negative impact on other members of society. The greatest strengths of the philosophy of a competitive free market are as follows. It avoids long legal procedures involved in patenting technological ideas. It also avails resources to all members of society without discrimination. The weaknesses of this philosophy are as follows. It encourages laziness as one does not have to work hard to get the necessary production resource. Another weakness is that two or more inventors can claim the ownership over one technology since no patenting is required. This essay on Philosophy of Market was written and submitted by user Adel1ne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Insights on Love and Marriage From Social Scientists and Aziz Ansari

Insights on Love and Marriage From Social Scientists and Aziz Ansari The big news at 2015s annual meeting of the American Sociological Association was that actor and comedian, and now author, Aziz Ansari would be in attendance to participate in a panel discussion about his new book  Modern Romance, co-authored with sociologist Eric Klinenberg. On Saturday August 22, a huge crowd of sociologists awaited the insights on dating, mating, and marriage that would be shared not just by Ansari and Klinenberg, but also by Christian Rudder, the founder of OK Cupid; biological anthropologist Helen Fisher; and psychologist Eli Finkel. What followed was a fascinating hour and a half of presentations and discussion among the panelists and audience, including these thought-provoking and helpful insights and tips on modern romance. Romantic Love is a Drive Following analysis of brain scans of people in love, Fisher and her research team found that the part of the brain activated by romance is the same one that controls basic needs like thirst and hunger. Fisher concludes from this that romantic love is not only a basic human need, but also a drive that shapes how we act in the world. She explained that it is associated with wanting, craving, focus, energy, and addiction, and that it is separate from but adjacent to both where our sex drive resides in the brain, and the part of our brain that is activated by attachment, which is something that grows out of romantic love over a period of time. Love at First Sight is Totally Possible Fisher explained, after an audience member asked a question about the possibility for success of arranged marriages, that love at first sight is something that our brains are hard wired for. Brain circuitry for love is like a sleeping cat, she said, and can be awakened in a second. You can fall in love with someone instantly. According to Fisher, this is why a lot of arranged marriages work. People Dating Today Suffer a Paradox of Choice Ansari and Klinenberg found through talking to people in interviews and focus groups that dating in todays world, enabled and organized by social media and dating sites, presents people with a paradox of choicewe are so overwhelmed by the amount of potential romantic partners available to us that we find it very difficult to select one to pursue. Ansari pointed out how digital technology has enabled this, citing the example of a guy he spoke with who admitted to checking Tinder on the way to a date arranged by Tinder, and then checking Tinder in the bathroom after having given the current date just a few minutes of his time. Ansari and Klinenberg observed in their study that many young singles are simply not giving each other enough of a chance, and suggest that we need to employ the Flo Rida Theory of Acquired Likability Through Repetition (LOL but really). Ansari explained, Social science shows that the more time you spend with people, thats when you learn these deeper things and develop positive illusions, and the Flo Rida theory basically just states that ultimately, were all like a Flo Rida song. When you first hear it, youre like, All right, Flo Rida, Ive heard this shit before. This is very similar to what you put out last summer. But then you keep hearing it over and over and youre like, All right, Flo Rida, youve done it again. Lets dance! Our Dates Are Too Boring Related to the previous point, Ansari and Klinenberg learned through their research that people are quick to move on from a potential romantic interest after just one date because most of us arrange terribly boring dates. We go out for a meal or a drink and essentially exchange resumes and life histories, and very few of us have an especially good time. Instead, they suggest, we should organize dates around fun and exciting events that give us an opportunity to see what each person is like in a social setting, and to bond over a shared experience. Ansari referenced sociologist Robb Willers Monster Truck Rally Theory, which is based on the experience of Willer and his friends, who started taking dates to monster truck rallies, at which both parties had a great time, and many pairs blossomed into couples with great relationships. We Put Far More Pressure on Marriage Today than We Did in the Past By looking at the way what a marriage is and what we expect of one has evolved over time, psychologist Eli Finkel found that today people expect marriage to provide not only love and companionship, but also to facilitate personal growth and self-expression. According to Finkel, these expectations are far greater than those people have had for marriage in the past, and the problem is, married people today are spending less time together than in decades prior, so they are not putting enough time into their relationships for those expectations to be fully met. He suggests that this is related to a long-term decrease in marital happiness. So, Finkel offers that if people really want marriage to meet these needs, then they need to devote more time to their partners. However, he also observed that those who are doing it are doing it really well, as evidenced by how the proportion of people who are blissed out in their marriages has increased simultaneously while overall marital happiness h as declined. Heres hoping you can deploy these insights and tips as you date, mate, and marry.

History and Timeline of the Battery

History and Timeline of the Battery A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device that produces electricity from a chemical reaction. In a one cell battery, you would find a negative electrode; an electrolyte, which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion conductor; and a positive electrode. Timeline of Battery History 1748- Benjamin Franklin first coined the term battery to describe an array of charged glass plates.1780 to 1786- Luigi Galvani demonstrated what we now understand to be the electrical basis of nerve impulses and provided the cornerstone of research for later inventors like Volta to create batteries.1800 Voltaic Pile- Alessandro Volta invented the Voltaic Pile and discovered the first practical method of generating electricity. Constructed of alternating discs of zinc and copper with pieces of cardboard soaked in brine between the metals, the Voltaic Pile produced electrical current. The metallic conducting arc was used to carry the electricity over a greater distance. Alessandro Voltas voltaic pile was the first wet cell battery that produced a reliable, steady current of electricity.1836 Daniell Cell- The Voltaic Pile could not deliver an electrical current for a long period of time. Englishman, John F. Daniell invented the Daniell Cell that used two electrolytes: copper sulfate and zinc sulfate. The Daniel Cell lasted longer than the Volta cell or pile. This battery, which produced about 1.1 volts, was used to power objects such as telegraphs, telephones, and doorbells, remained popular in homes for over 100 years. 1839 Fuel Cell- William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell, which produced electrical by combining hydrogen and oxygen.1839 to 1842- Inventors created improvements to batteries that used liquid electrodes to produce electricity. Bunsen (1842) and Grove (1839) invented the most successful.1859 Rechargeable- French inventor, Gaston Plante developed the first practical storage lead-acid battery that could be recharged (secondary battery). This type of battery is primarily used in cars today.1866 Leclanche Carbon-Zinc Cell- French engineer, Georges Leclanche patented the carbon-zinc wet cell battery called the Leclanche cell. According to The History of Batteries: George Leclanches original cell was assembled in a porous pot. The positive electrode consisted of crushed manganese dioxide with a little carbon mixed in. The negative pole was a zinc rod. The cathode was packed into the pot, and a carbon rod was inserted to act as a current collector. The anode or zinc rod and the pot were then immersed in an ammonium chloride solution. The liquid acted as the electrolyte, readily seeping through the porous cup and making contact with the cathode material. The liquid acted as the electrolyte, readily seeping through the porous cup and making contact with the cathode material. Georges Leclanche then further improved his design by substituting the ammonium chloride paste for liquid electrolyte and invented a method of sealing the battery, inventing the first dry cell, an improved design that was now transportable. 1881- J.A. Thiebaut patented the first battery with both the negative electrode and porous pot placed in a zinc cup.1881- Carl Gassner invented the first commercially successful dry cell battery (zinc-carbon cell).1899- Waldmar Jungner invented the first nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery.1901 Alkaline Storage- Thomas Alva Edison invented the alkaline storage battery. Thomas Edisons alkaline cell had iron as the anode material (-) and nickelic oxide as the cathode material ().1949 Alkaline-Manganese Battery- Lew Urry developed the small alkaline battery in 1949. The inventor was working for the Eveready Battery Co. at their research laboratory in Parma, Ohio. Alkaline batteries last five to eight times as long as zinc-carbon cells, their predecessors.1954 Solar Cells- Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl Chapin invented the first solar battery. A solar battery converts the suns energy into electricity. In 1954, Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl Chapin invented the first s olar battery. The inventors created an array of several strips of silicon (each about the size of a razor blade), placed them in sunlight, captured the free electrons and turned them into ​​electrical current. Bell Laboratories in New York announced the prototype manufacture of a new solar battery. Bell had funded the research. The first public service trial of the Bell Solar Battery began with a telephone carrier system (Americus, Georgia) on October 4, 1955. 1964- Duracell was incorporated.

Effects of Western global expansion after 1500 C.E Essay

Effects of Western global expansion after 1500 C.E - Essay Example This is too harsh. While negative things certainly happened during this time, wonderful things happened too. New cultures were introduced to one another. Although this process started unequally, it was the beginning of globalization, a process that has brought great prosperity to all parts of the world. It is now seventeen years since I came to serve these princes with the Enterprise of the Indies. They made me pass eight of them in discussion, and at the end rejected it as a thing of jest. Nevertheless, I persisted therein... Over there I have placed under their sovereignty more land than there is in Africa and Europe, and more than 1,700 islands... In seven years I, by the divine will, made that conquest (Morison, 576) One man could conquer all of this territory and bring back to Spain all the riches of these islands. It is an extraordinary story. However, Spain was not the only country involved: its efforts were mostly limited to the Caribbean (Paine, xvi). It was driven in large part by the changes Europe was undergoing. First, came discovery, and then came exploitation. Mercantilism developed in Europe in the 18th century (Duiker, et al, 320). This was one of the dominant economic doctrines of the time. It led European powers to seek out new markets across the world. These were often less developed countries that had some sort of resource the Europeans could exploit. The wealth generated from these conquests allowed Europeans to build massive public works such as the French palace at Versailles (326). While this was clearly a form of greed at the time, these buildings were truly beautiful. It is easy to argue that this period in world history was filled only with calumny and misery. However, much of the economic activity at the time laid the groundwork for the current global economy, which provides so much prosperity to us all. Certain countries needed to become rich so

Airports and ground handling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Airports and ground handling - Essay Example Various studies suggest that privately owned firms can realize higher levels of operating efficiency compared to state owned firms (Megginson et al., 2004). In the UK, there are various ownership structures of airports which include complete private ownership, local government ownership and public-private ownership. While there are several airports which are individually owned, there are also many airport operator groups in the UK. The privatisation of the UK airports is not an isolated case since the move has been embraced by other governments globally. For instance, Austria commercialised and privatised the Vienna International Airport; Australia privatised Melbourne or Tullamarine (Baird, 1996) while New Zealand privatised the ports of Wellington and Auckland international airports. Ideally, many governments globally have leased out their airports on a long-term basis to private entities to operate them to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness (Assaf, Gillen, & Barros, 2012). It is also crucial to note that this kind of arrangement has been extended to the management of sea ports and terminals across the world to enhance efficiency by easing congestion in the port facilities. A good example was the privatisation of nine UK ports in 1983 that formed the Associated British Ports (Haarmeyer, &Yorke, 1993). The privatization enabled the ports to increase capital investment, diversify assets and adopt effic ient practices (Haarmeyer, &Yorke, 1993). Thus, it is evident that privatisation of government owned entities is crucial in improving their operational efficiency and effectiveness. It is important, however, to note that privatisation of airports has not taken place in all parts of the UK and the world. Some airports such those in the Islands of Scotland, which are not busy or desirable are usually funded by the state to facilitate the movement of people

i Heard The Owl Call My Name And the Black Robe: The Indians :: essays research papers

"I Heard The Owl Call My Name" and "The Black Robe": The Indians Although the Indians in I Heard The Owl Call My Name, and in The Black Robe are primitive in the technological sense, they are neither simple or emotional people. The Indians in both texts could be classed as primitive people - if we take primitive to mean technologically underdeveloped. The level of technology possessed by the white man is far superior to that of the Indians, yet the Indians in The Black Robe are happy to accept and use muskets, and in I Heard The Owl Call My Name they are familiar with motors, washing machines and modern building techniques brought by white man. The Indians display their level of ignorance in regard to modern technology in The Black Robe, when the enemy tribe believed that muskets could only be fired once and once fired, they are useless. The Indians had little knowledge of modern materials or tools. When comparing the Indians in The Black Robe to the Indians in I Heard The Owl Call My Name, we must take into account that The Black Robe was set two hundred and twenty years earlier than I Heard The Owl Call My Name, and white mans influence on the Indians in I Heard The Owl Call My Name was much greater. Technology did not play an important role in the Indian's way of life. Traditionally, the Indians lived off the land taking only what they needed, and their hunting and building methods had served them well for centuries, therefore their need to develop new technology would not have been great. The Indians are not simple or barbaric people. Their complex belief system and folklore related strongly to the environment and gave reasons for the

How the Writers Shape or Craft Each Text to Meet the Expectations

Examine how the writers shape or craft each text to meet the expectations of their respective audience, purpose and context Excerpt from Weblog and extract from Vernon God Little by DCB Pierre Text B is in the form of a blog, which is an online diary updated regularly by its author. Text C is an extract from the novel Vernon God Little by DCB Pierre. Both authors target a young adult audience through use of a casual tone to engage the reader and gain empathetic response. The weblog writer uses colloquialisms such as ‘gutted’, and elision; ‘Whatcha’DCB Pierre engages a young audience through use of a teenage protagonist. The weblog starts in medea res with use of the discourse marker ‘So after another†¦ ’ creating an informal ambience. This also suggests that the audience are regular readers of this particular blog, as they are expected to understand what the conversation is referring back to. The writer uses contractions; ‘Isn’ t’ which reassures the informal tone. A similar tone is used in Vernon God Little, as the protagonist directly addresses the reader throughout; ‘You’d remember Clarence somebody’. nd uses the present tense to further engage the reader; ‘I sit waiting†¦ ’ The weblog writer uses parenthesis to convey to the reader a further thought on the previous statement; ‘On the plus side (a very small plus size)’ This further engages the reader and makes them feel as though they are directly involved with the writer. The main purpose of both texts is to entertain, however both also inform the reader of the protagonist’s current situation; the weblog writer has just received news informing them that they have not been successful in a job application.JCB Pierre’s protagonist is currently in prison; ‘I sit waiting between shafts of light from a row of doorways†¦ looks like I’m the only one they rounded up so fa r’ This suggests that perhaps the protagonist is innocent, or there were more people involved in the crime as he is evidently waiting for them to be arrested. The context of the weblog is that the writer has recently received a job rejection and is reaching out to his readers to gain perhaps sympathy and empathy from them.The writer uses language such as; ‘Back at square one’ Emphasising to the reader that they are disheartened by the rejection. The simile, ‘Like a punch in the stomach’ reiterates the sadness the writer is feeling and the intention was to possibly gain a sympathetic response from readers to help him feel better about himself. The context of the novel extract is that a fifteen year old Texan boy (the protagonist) has been arrested and is recalling a man who was previously arrested for a similar crime.It contains slight sarcasm or black humour, as the protagonist mentions the news coverage of the man mentioned previously, lacking any d etails of the crime he committed; ‘The news said how little he cares about the effects of his crimes. By ‘effects’ I think they meant axe-wounds. ’ This sarcastic humour entertains the reader whilst informing them of events prior to the arrest of the main voice in this story. The narrator’s final sentence is almost foreboding, as he states; ‘They sentenced him to death. ’

The Meaning Of Business Environment Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2587 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? In this assignment we aim to understand the meaning of Business Environment and why it is important for an organisation. In order to understand the importance of the Business Environment we have carried out a study on Apple Corporation, whereby we investigated the micro factors which are internal to the company; and macro factors, which are external and are beyond the control of the organization. These factors together make the business environment of the organisation and help in long term strategic decision making within that organisation. Business environment: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Meaning Of Business Environment Business Essay" essay for you Create order According to Brooks and Weatherson The business environment can be defined as a broad and embracing term which encompasses any and all influences which are external to the organisation in question. The Business Environment consists of -: Macro Environment The macro environment refers to all those trends and forces which are external to the organisation but can impact its ability to achieve its objective. The macro environment consists of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. These factors cannot be altered by the organisation; however they can influence the organisation in a number of ways. The macro environment helps to scan the threats and opportunities within the environment and help the business develop strategies which can help the firm gain a competitive advantage and to sustain in the market in the longer run. (Palmer and Hartley) 1. Political Factors: Political factors play an important role in organisational decision making. The government as a legislator passes laws which can affect an organisation and also determine the economic condition of the society. It also passes laws which determine the market condition, the production possibility and demand for the product. For example an increase in tax will lead to reduction in net disposable income which in turn would impact upon demand for goods and services. Governments provide frameworks under which companies have to operate. These structures usually define what a company can do and what not and these would determine the business possibilities for them. For example the lowering of trade restrictions by a government can lead to new business opportunities for the organisation overseas. As such it is vital for management to be attuned to the political environment at all times. 2. Legal Factors: The organisation exists in wider society therefore in order to protect the rights of consumers and to ensure that the organisation operates ethically, the government passes certain rules. Changes in law can alter the relationship the firm maintains with others in society. These include the supplier, employee, customers etc. Therefore, it is important the organization remains aware of all existing laws and regulations that pertain to it and the specific industry that it is involved in. Some Common Law acts passed by the British Government and which have had a direct effect on companies include the Consumer Protection Act and The Misrepresentation Act. 3. Economic Factors: Economic factors have a direct impact on any business organisation, as the demand for goods and services is determined by economic conditions. The demand for goods and services increases during boom period as there is increase in net disposable income and vice versa therefore it important for the organisation to analyse the economic trends time to time and thereby respond to changing demand patterns. The level of employment, rate of income are some of the important variants of economic conditions as they reflect the level of demand, the purchasing power. Rise, stability, continuity and fall are some of the important cycles that affect the prices off all goods such as raw material, credit, final goods, etc. In addition to the level of perceived wealth and confidence is also an important determinant of demand for some high value services. Also the change in fiscal and monetary policy will also determine the interest rate the flow of funds which in turn will impact upon the demand for g oods. 4. Environmental Factors: The eco system refers to the natural resources which are required by the organisation as an input in order to produce the final commodities. The global environment is becoming an increasingly important concern due to climate change and threats to sustainability. It is important for the organisation to understand how the environment is viewed in society as it impacts upon the companys profit in the longer term. Consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious and ready to reward the companies who they believe to be socially responsible. Also, even though individual as a limited impact upon the organisation which they believe to be socially unethical but they can be mobilized by the environmental social groups with the mass boycott of the products. Therefore, it is important for the organisation it is important to take these factors in to account in order to sustain in the market in the longer run. 5. Technological Factors: Technology refers to scientific advancement which helps in our day today life . With the growing competition it is important for the organisation to be aware of new technogies which helps in innovation and helps in gaining competitive advantage. It has often been seen that the organisation which doesnt change with the change of technology or dont innovate often fail to exist in the society in the longer run. Today, every organisation have its own research and development team which work towards designing a new innovative technique. The innovation in technology allows the company to offer new goods and services to the consumer before its competitors and allows organisation to lower down the prices of its existing products thereby widening its market. Innovation in technology provides the company new methods of distribution and innovative techniques to communicate with its target market. Also, advancement of technology has allowed the companies to reach out to its customer around the w orld and use different method of distribution. However, while developing business strategies it is important for the organisation to consider how the use of particular technology can lead to reduction in price of goods and services. 6. Demographic Factors: Demographic analysis is the study of the social structure or population in which the organisation exists. The buying behaviour of consumers always differs in accordance with age group and sex. The people of similar age group have similar demand of products. The demographics of the society play a two way role of the organisation as it is the people who provide the labour and resources for the organisation and also create the demand for goods. The demographics of society reflect the sex ratio, age, income, etc. This in turn can be used as a tool to understand the target audience and their needs with the study of their buying patterns and develop future strategies which help to cater them in a better way. 7. Social Factors: The society can be seen as a big group within which there exist small social groups who together hold certain beliefs, values and attitudes which is also known as culture.Cuture is a dynamic and continual process and changes with time. Therefore, it is important that the organisation takes into account the new developing ideas and values as it is these social group which generate the demand for products. The social environment usually reflects the changing taste, buying behaviour, change in needs which is the effect of changing attitudes and beliefs i.e Social Conditioning (Brooks and Weatherson). It has often been seen that the people who hold similar attitudes and beliefs have similar demands for products .Therefore the study of social groups will develop strategies for future. Also, the concept of corporate social responsibility is becoming increasingly important. Society from the point view of business expects the organisation to take make society better by virtue of being in exi stence. (Refrence.com) Micro Environment Micro environment refers to the individual and organisation which have ability to impact on the organisations profitability directly or indirectly. The micro environment usually consists of Customers, Suppliers, distributors, the media and most significantly, employees. These factors have direct interest in the company and with interact on a daily basis .Although, micro factors are external to the company, but the company can influence them to certain extent. Organisation Background Apple co. was established in Cupertino California by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976. The company has been a pioneer in the computer industry. However it came to existence in the late 1990s with the introduction of the iPod portable music player. The company was initially known as Apple Computers but was rebranded as simply, Apple in 2007 to reflect the ongoing expansion of its product line. Due to its innovative designs, advertising campaigns and technology the company today has created a unique reputation in the electronic industry. The company has a devoted customer base for its products and holds a market share of around 10% in for its entire range of products. In 2010 the company posted record revenue of $15.7 billion and net quarterly profit of $3.25 billion, or $3.51 per diluted share which truly reflects the ongoing success of the company. (Apple.com). Nonetheless, Apple has also faced many challenges; and macro factors have been at the forefront of those challenges. Below is a PESTEL analysis which will highlight how the company has dealt with these factors. Environmental challenges: As explained earlier the natural environment is becoming a major concern in society. In 2006, the company was accused by environmental group Greenpeace for using non recyclable hardware products and also use of toxins like BFRs and PVS within the hardware of the iPhone and in its laptops. Also, the company was criticized for ignoring its waste products which end up in foreign dump yards and was burned by children collecting scrap metal in the Third World. The burning of this waste product not only created a serious health problem with its harmful gases but it also contaminated water resources which became a major environmental concern. Greenpeace in its Guide to Greener Environment 2006 rated Apple 2.6/10 for its waste reduction policies (Wikipedia.com) In order to respond to it, the CEO released an immediate plan to completely eliminate the use of PVC and BFRs for its various products in 2008. In 2009 all products of the company were PVC, and BFR-free. Also, in October 2009, Apple replaced the cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlit LCD displays with mercury-free LED backlit LCD displays and arsenic-free glass from all its computers and laptop. With active changes taken by the company, it has been able to obtain EPEAT Gold status for all its Laptops and Computers. The company today is actively involved in recycling projects. It has recycled around 13 million pounds of waste in 2006 and aims to recycle 19 million pounds of waste per year which is much higher in comparison to its competitors. Also today, the company publishes reports on its use of materials and has gained a higher position in the Guide to Greener Environment.(Apple.com) 2. Social Challenge: In 2006, the company faced a major social challenge whereby it was accused for the poor working conditions at the manufacturing units of the iPhone in the Third World. Apple has various contractors around the world who manufactures its products and Foxconn is one of them. Faxconn is a company based in China which utilizes cheap labour to assemble an array of electronic products. In 2006 it became a major concern as a number of employees at Foxconn committed suicide. Investigations revealed that the employees were ill treated, discriminated and harassed by their employer. Also, a report revealed that the Foxconn employed over 200,000 employees who lived and worked in company premises and were forced to work 60 hrs a week with the wage of $100 a month from which they were expected to pay for food and the rent. This clearly showed exploitation of labour on the part of Foxconn.(Ft.com) In response to the problem Apple did its own investigation in the factory in order to ensure that the working conditions were acceptable. Also, as a result the company started yearly audits at all its manufacturing units in order to ensure the working rights of their employee. However, the situation again arose in 2010; earlier this year, 10 Foxconn committed suicide. As a result the company has been threatened with a boycott of its product by various labour activist organisations. In order to deal with this matter, Apple has independently evaluated the contractor manufacturer and is said to be taking measures to address these tragic events. The company has also decided to move its manufacturing units from Shenzhen to north and central China even though this move will result in Apple contractors paying higher wages. 3. Legal Challenge: Legally Apple Company has been challenged many a times by its customers as well as by its competitors and to overcome it has been a biggest challenge for the company as it may have severe impact on its reputation. It has been accused many a times for unwillingness to honour its warranty which has put it in legal problem. Recently there have been four law suit filed against the company and its partner ATT in Delaware and California put forward by its customers who faced major reception problem in their latest I phone 4g due to its faulty antenna design. The company have been charged with serious allegation which include general negligence, defect in design, manufacturing design and assembly, breach of express of warranty, breach of implied warranty, breach of implied warranty for merchantability, breach of implied warranty for fitness for particular purpose, deceptive trade practices, intentional misrepresentation, negligent misrepresentation and fraud by concealment. In order to overcome the problem of 4g problem the company has decide to provide its customer free case which helps to strengthen the signal and is also refunding the money to those customers who have already purchased the cover. Also, the company has decided to rectify the software which is causing reception issues in all its future production and would also provide free software update to all its existing 4g customers. (Apple.com) 4. Economic Challenge: Apple Company had decided to open its service centre in 2006 in Bangalore in order to deal with the issues faced by its customer in its various gadgets. It had major expansion plans in India and had planned to employ over 3000 employees by 2007. The company had employed over 30 employees. But due to huge labour cost the company pull out its hand from the project and hand to dismiss its employees. The company decided to continue providing tech support from other countries which had cheap labour cost. Also, company tied up with HCL which is also taking care of distribution of Nokia in order to capture the flourishing Indian market. 5. Technological Challenge: Apple Company has always been a pioneer in technology in both the computer industry as well as in the cellular devices and MP3 player. It has always used its technology to differentiate from its competitors and to gain competitive advantage over others. Its the only company in electronic industry which provides both hardware and software unlike its competitors like Dell, and HP who specialize in either one of them. The constant innovation has allowed it to reduce the price of its existing products thereby widening its market and helps to explore new market for its product. Also, it I using advanced technology like digital asset management which help in understanding the consumer psychology and helps to cater there needs in a better way. However, technology at the same time is becoming a major challenge in its latest release of 4g the company has been accused for ineffective technology due to reception problem in the phone which is caused due to ineffective software development.